Future Information Networks and Applications

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Future Information Networks and Applications

• Wen-Tsuen Chen
• Computer and Communication Research Center
• National Tsing Hua University
• Hsinchu, Taiwan
• Presented in ICOIN-12, 1998, Tokyo, Japan

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• Introduction
• National Global Effects
• Future Information Networks Projects
• Conclusion

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Elements of An Information Network

• Communication Network Fabric Internet, local
  area networks, wide area networks, wireless
  networks
• Information Servers digital libraries, video
  servers
• Information Appliances computers, mobile
  terminals, PDAs
• Distributed Environments
• Application Softwares and Services

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Internet Protocols
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Milestones of Information Networks

• Arpanet introduced in 1969
• TIME special issue The New Age of Discovery A
  Celebration of Mankinds Exploration of the
  Unknown

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Milestones of Information Networks

• Arpanet introduced in 1969
• TCP/IP, by V. Cerf and R. Kahn, in 1974
• Ethernet, by R. M. Metcalfe et al., in 1976
• Cellular telephones in 1978
• PC introduced in early 1980s
• Proliferation of LANs and hence the Internet in
  mid 1980s
• Mosaic browser in 1993 and World-Wide Web
  Consortium in 1994

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Technological Driving Forces

• Computer technology introduces cheap and fast
  information processing, huge information storage.
• IC technology makes highly compact and integrated
  systems possible.
• Networking technology makes effective information
  exchange. Internet users grow exponentially.

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Other Driving Forces

• Economical Use of information technology to
  increase productivity, and lower inventory cost
  etc.
• Social better quality of life, medical care,
  digital library etc.
• Political To balance regional development, equal
  access to information.

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Current Statistics About World-Wide Web

• More than 100 millions of users expected around
  the world on the Web in 1999, compared with 25
  millions in 1996 and 1 million in 1994
• In 1997, 27.7 million users in US, 7 millions in
  Japan, 1.2 million in Taiwan (4 millions expected
  in 2000), and 300K in China (10 millions expected
  in 2000)

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Demographics of Internet / WWW Users

• Surveyed 1,000 U. S. households in April 1997 by
  Louis Harris Associates, Baruch College,
  commissioned by Business Week.
• Age 45 are 40 or older. The Web is no longer a
  stomping ground just for young.
• Gender 41 are female, up from 23 in Sept. 1995.

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Demographics of Internet / WWW Users

• Education 27 are high school or less
• Income 42 have annual incomes of more than
  US50,000, while only 18 take in US25,000 or
  less.

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Usage of the Internet / WWW

• The most common activity is searching for
  information (82 either sometimes or often).
• Education (75), News (68), Entertainment (61),
  and Hobbies (52).
• The least popular is shopping online (10).
  However nearly one-quarter of users have
  purchased something either on the Internet or an
  online service.

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Usage of the Internet / WWW (cont.)

• The typical online shopper is affluent and
  advanced in age.
• 42 of those 65 or older have purchased
  something.
• Net merchants have the tools to aim their efforts
  at potential customers.
• Electronic commerce is coming of age.

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Usage of the Internet / WWW (cont.)

• The Internet becomes the infrastructure on which
  applications and services are based.
• Internet ApplicationsServices
• Information Networks

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National Global Efforts

• National Information Infrastructure (NII) of US.
• Advanced Information Infrastructure of Japan
• IT2000 of Singapore
• National Information Infrastructure of Taiwan
• Global Information Infrastructure

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US National Information Infrastructure

• US President Clinton presented a vision of
  National Information Infrastructure (NII) for the
  21st century
• The Goals of NII
• Increasing industrial competitiveness
• Balancing regional developments
• Enhancing social benefits

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Benefits of NII

• Enhance the competitiveness of the manufacturing
  base
• Increase the speed and efficiency of electronic
  commerce
• Improve health care delivery and control costs
• Promote quality educational and lifelong learning
• Make us more effective at environmental
  monitoring
• Easy access to digital libraries

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NII Architecture Model
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Advanced Information Infrastructure of Japan

• Based on the June 1993 report by Information
  Industry Committee of Industrial Structure
  Council
• Proposed by the Ministry of International Trade
  and Industry in May 1994.

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Advanced Information Infrastructure of Japan
(cont.)

• Dissemination of advanced information technology
  into Industry
• to improve work efficiency and productivity
• offices, corporate manufacturing systems,
  business transactions and product development,
  corporate research

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Advanced Information Infrastructure of Japan
(cont.)

• Dissemination of advanced information technology
  into homes
• Diversified choice of information, such as
  electronic newspaper, digital library, virtual
  museum
• New services, such as home shopping and
  ticketing, remote education, online medical
  treatment

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Advanced Information Infrastructure of Japan
(cont.)

• Dissemination of advanced information technology
  into public sector
• Education remote education and learning
• Research collaboration through information
  networks
• Medical and welfare services medical databases,
  telemedicine, social participation of elderly
  people
• Digital libraries

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Benefits of the Advanced Information
Infrastructure

• Dealing with the aging population
• Rectifying overconcentration in urban areas
• Reforming Japans economic structure
• Realizing a comfortable lifestyle
• International community-oriented cooperation
• Environmental concerns

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The IT2000 of Singapore

• The IT2000 Vision was formulated in 1991 to
  construct an Intelligent Island in 2000
• Fiber to every home

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The IT2000 of Singapore (cont.)

• The five strategic thrusts
• Developing a Global Hub
• Improving the Quality of Life
• Boosting the Economic Engine
• Linking Communities Locally and Globally
• Enhancing the Potential of Individuals

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The NII of Taiwan

• Taiwan has initiated the NII development in 1994.
  
• Major experimental projects
• Broadband Network Construction
• Electronic Commerce
• Distance Learning
• Telemedicine etc.

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The NII of Taiwan (cont.)

• Five goals at the present stage
• Promoting the use of Internet to reach three
  million Internet users by 2000
• Putting every middle school and primary school on
  Internet
• Developing Taiwan as an Internet hub in the Asia
  Pacific area
• Establishing a "Global Chinese Network
  Information Center"
• Developing a new industry of network multimedia

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Distance Learning in Taiwan

• The Science Technology Advisory Office and
  Computer Center of Ministry of Education
  initiated the Distance Learning Pilot Project.
• In September 1994, Ministry of Education convened
  five national universities to setup High
  Performance Network experimenting platforms.
• Each university has several ATM switches
  connected locally and has a gateway to the
  national ATM backbone network.

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Distance Learning in Taiwan (cont.)

• In August 1995, Ministry of Education invited 10
  National Universities, including NTU, NTHU...etc.
  to initiate Pilot System for Distance Learning.
  Their main tasks are
• To setup main broadcasting classrooms
• To develop coursewares
• To evaluate effectiveness of distance learning

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Distance Learning in Taiwan (cont.)

• In May 1996, 30 universities and colleges joined
  to promote this project, and provided 22 courses
  in all.
• In June 1997, the Executive Yuan approved the
  Distance Learning Development Project for 4
  years.
• Currently more than 70 schools join the project
  and offer about 100 courses.

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Future Applications

• Electronic Commerce
• Webcasting
• Distance Education
• Telemedicine
• Digital Libraries
• Collaborative Research

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Future Information Networks

• High bandwidth
• Quality of Service support
• Mobility support
• Security
• Network management

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Future Information Network Projects

• Next Generation Internet
• Internet2
• IMT-2000
• National Telecommunication Project in Taiwan

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Goals of NGI

• Experimental Research for Advanced Network
  Technologies
• Next Generation Network Fabric
• Revolutionary Applications

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Goal 1 Experimental Research for Advanced
Network Technologies

• Quality of service (QoS)
• Security and robustness
• Network management
• Systems engineering and operations
• New or modified protocols for routing, switching,
  multicast, reliable transport, security, and
  mobility
• Computer operating systems
• Collaborative and distributed application
  environments

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Goal 2 Next Generation Network Fabric

• High-performance connectivity
• delivering 100X current Internet performance
  end-to-end (typically greater than 100 Mbps
  end-to-end)
• Next generation network technologies and
  ultra-high-performance connectivity
• at 1000X current Internet performance end-to-end
  (typically greater than 1 Gbps end-to-end and
  many Gbps in backbone circuits.)

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Goal 3 Revolutionary Applications

• Health care
• Telemedicine, emergency medical response team
  support
• Education
• Distance education, digital libraries
• Scientific research
• Energy, earth systems, climate, biomedical
  research
• National security
• High performance global communications, advanced
  information dissemination

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Goal 3 Revolutionary Applications (cont.)

• Environment
• Monitoring, prediction, warning, response
• Government
• Delivery of government services and information
  to citizens and businesses
• Emergencies
• Disaster response, crisis management
• Design and manufacture
• Manufacturing engineering

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Internet 2

• Mission
• Facilitate and coordinate the development,
  deployment, operation and technology transfer of
  advanced, network-based applications and network
  services and accelerate the availability of new
  services and applications on the Internet.

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The Goals of Internet 2

• Demonstrate new applications that can
  dramatically enhance researchers' ability to
  collaborate and conduct experiments.
• Demonstrate enhanced delivery of education and
  other services (e.g., health care, environmental
  monitoring) by taking advantage of "virtual
  proximity" created by an advanced communications
  infrastructure.

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The Goals of Internet 2 (cont.)

• Support development and adoption of advanced
  applications by providing middleware and
  development tools.
• Facilitate development, deployment, and operation
  of an affordable communications infrastructure,
  capable of supporting differentiated Quality of
  Service (QoS) based on applications requirements
  of the research and education community.

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The Goals of Internet 2 (cont.)

• Promote experimentation with the next generation
  of communications technologies.
• Coordinate adoption of working standards and
  common practices among participating institutions
  to ensure end-to-end quality of service and
  interoperability.
• Study impact of new infrastructure, services and
  applications on higher education and the Internet
  community in general.

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Internet 2 Applications

• Examples of Internet 2 Applications
• Learningware and the Instructional Management
  System
• Digital Libraries and Information Access and
  Distribution
• The Virtual Laboratory An Application
  Environment for Computational Science and
  Engineering.

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IMT - 2000

• The ITU proposed the International Mobile
  Telecommunications - 2000 (IMT-2000), formerly
  known as FPLMTS(Future Public Land Mobile
  Telecommunication System) in 1992.
• Aimed at providing mobile telecommunications
  anywhere and anytime and develop systems that
  could be used around the year 2000
• Will operate in a frequency band around 2000 MHz

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IMT-2000 Structure
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Key features and objectives

• Incorporation of a variety of systems
• A high degree of commonality of design world wide
  
• High quality and integrity
• Accommodation of a variety of types of terminals
  including the pocket size terminal
• Use of a small pocket terminal world wide
• Connection of mobile users to other mobile users
  or fixed users
• Provision of services by more than one network in
  any coverage area

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Key features and objectives (cont.)

• Availability to mobile users of a range of voice
  and non-voice services
• Provision of these services over a wide range of
  user densities and coverage areas
• Efficient use of the radio spectrum
• Provision of a framework for mobile network
  services and access to services and facilities
  of the fixed network
• An open architecture which permits easy
  introduction of advances in technology and of
  different applications
• A modular structure which allows the system to
  start from as small and simple a configuration as
  possible and grow as needed, in size and
  complexity

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Additional Goals

• Quality of service
• New services and capabilities
• Flexibility Multi-environment, multi-mode,
  multi-band capabilities
• Impact on spectrum
• Evolution and migration capabilities

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National Telecommunication Project in Taiwan

• Initiated in July 1997, a five-year national
  project started at July 1998.
• Budget NT1billion per year.
• Two major fields
• Broadband Internet
• Wireless Communication

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Goals of the NTP

• Development of critical technologies
• Enhance the national competitiveness
• Improve telecommunication services and
  productivity
• Development of telecommunication industry

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Plan of the NTP

• Establish an experimental broadband network with
  gateway to international research networks (US
  NSF, Canada CANARIE etc.)
• Setup open laboratories in participating
  universities.
• Encourage cooperation with international research
  institutions.

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Some Technology Advances

• IP LAN switching
• QoS support
• Wireless IP
• Broadband wireless networks

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IP and LAN Switching

• Switching technologies have been included in LANs
  and IP switches.
• Performance of LANs has been greatly improved by
  domain switching.
• IP routing speed is increased by cut-through
  switching.

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Switching Technologies
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IP Switch Elements
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IP Switch Features

• IP applications with ATM performance and QoS
• Keeping the flexibility of IP routing
• Enhanced multicast capability derived from ATM

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Tag Switch

• Initiated by Cisco Co.
• Similar to IP switch
• Use Tag to facilitate hardware (ATM) switching
• Capable of carrying various kinds of layer 3
  protocols

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Tag Switch
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IP Switch Applications

• LAN TV
• Distance learning
• Corporate broadcasts
• Desktop conferencing

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Quality of Service Support

• Real-time applications Internet telephony, video
  conferencing, webcasting.
• Internet QoS
• New definition of QoS (other than that of ATM
  QoS)
• Integrated Services (Intserv)
• Differentiated Services (Diffserv)

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Wireless IP

• Goal Consumers and corporations alike using
  portable communications gear running IP apps to
  access the Internet or intranet.
• Between 30 and 60 million people will be surfing
  the wireless Web by 2002, as a consequence the
  next few years will see big changes in the world
  of mobile wireless IP.

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Wireless IP (cont.)

• WAP(wireless application protocol)
• Protocol stack that corresponds to 4 Layers
  through 7 of the OSI model, used to send
  simplified Web pages to wireless devices.
• Using IP but replaces TCP and HTTP with UDP and
  WTP while requiring pages be written in WML
  rather than HTML.

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Wireless IP (cont.)

• Nine of the largest wireless communications
  companies (British Telecommunications, ATT
  Wireless, Rogers Cantel, Ericsson, Lucent
  Technologies, Nokia, Nortel Networks, Telenor,
  and Telecom Italiain) in the world will form a
  focus group (3G.IP) to develop and promote
  wireless technology based on IP for a
  third-generation mobile telephone and data
  transmission system.

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Networking Mobility Management

• Received packets at the receiver shall meet the
  QoS requirements.
• Wireless is usually the bottleneck for end-to-end
  QoS constraint.
• FEC link control
• bandwidth allocation
• admission control
• flow control
• above must be done in real-time

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Mobility

• Handoff and routing
• How to find a new route ?
• QoS provisioning
• MAC layer access scheme
• Admission control to minimize call blocking
• Handoff policy to minimize cell drops
• Routing in the network backbone to meet QoS

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Conclusion

• The Next Generation Internet (as well as
  Information Network) Vision
• In the 21st Century, the Internet will provide
  a powerful and versatile environment for
  business, education, culture, and entertainment.
  Sight, sound, and even touch will be integrated
  through powerful computers, displays, and
  networks.

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• People will use this environment to work,
  bank, study, shop, entertain, and visit with each
  other. Whether at the office, at home, or on
  travel, the environment will be the same.
  Security, reliability, and privacy, will be built
  in. The customer will be able to choose among
  different levels of service with varying prices.
  Benefits of this environment will include a more
  agile economy, a greater choice of places to live
  and work, easy access to life-long learning, and
  better opportunity to participate in the
  community, the Nation, and the World.