Structure of Chloroplast

1
Structure of Chloroplast

• Chloroplast the cellular structure where
  photosynthesis takes place
• Chloroplast contain chemical structures called
  chlorophylls that give these organelles a green
  color
• Within a leaf, the chloroplast are concentrated
  in the cells of the mesophyll, the inner layer of
  tissue

2
Structure of Chloroplast

• Tiny pores called stomata (singular stoma) are
  found on the surface of the leaf.
• Carbon dioxide enters the leaf and oxygen exits
  the lead through the stomata
• Chloroplast have an inner and outer membrane. The
  inner membrane encloses a thick fluid called
  stroma

3
Structure of Chloroplast

• Suspended in the stroma are many tiny
  disk-shaped sacs called thylakoids.
• The thylakoids are arranged in stacks called
  grana.
• The thylakoids and the stroma organize the the
  complex series of reactions hat make up the
  overall process of photosynthesis

4
Photosynthesis

• Occurs mostly in plants
• Light, Enzymes, Pigments
• 6CO2 6H2O ----------gt C6H12O6 6O2
• Light provides the energy for this reaction
• Enzymes lower the activation energy and speed up
  the reaction
• Pigments such as chlorophyll, xanthophyll and
  carotenes absorb light and convert it to
  electrical energy

5
Two types of reactions during the process of
photosynthesis

• 1. Light reaction - produce oxygen gas and energy
  carriers ATP and NADPH
• 2. Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle) - uses CO2, ATP
  and NADPH to produce sugars
• (Remember the equation for photosynthesis
  is 6CO2 6H2O --------gt C6H12O6 6O2)

6
Factors that Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis

• 1. Intensity of Sunlight
• Light Photosynthesis
• 2. Temperature
• -Optimal Temperature 68oF to 95oF
• -Temperatures outside of this range decrease
  enzyme activity
• 3. Availability of Raw Materials (ex water)