Legal instruments combating racism and xenophobia in EU Member States

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SAMPLING MINORITY GROUPS MEETING THE
CHALLENGE
Dr. Jo Goodey Programme Manager Research EUMC
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KEY POINTS

• EUMC
• Current Data Collection and Challenges
• Pilot Victim Survey
• Sample Population
• Sampling Procedures
• Sampling Considerations
• Expectations

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• EUMC European Monitoring Centre on Racism and
  Xenophobia
• Mandate provide EC and its MSs with objective,
  reliable and comparable data on racism,
  xenophobia and antisemitism in EU
• Key research areas racist crime and violence
  legislation employment education housing

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EUMC Data Collection

• RAXEN (Racism and Xenophobia Information Network)
• 25 NFPs (National Focal Points)
• NFPs contracted to collect data in each key
  research area feeds into Annual Report and
  targeted publications for example
• Policing Racist Crime and Violence (Sep 2005)
• Racist Violence in 15 EU Member States (April
  2005)

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Challenges facing EUMC data collection

• Data collection on about minorities differs
  greatly between MSs
• Ethnic monitoring not allowed in most MSs
• Data Protection Laws often cited
• MSs do collect data on nationality
• Existing data collection often ineffective and is
  not directly comparable between MSs

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EU15 2002 reports/records of racist crime/incidents/complaints 2002 reports/records of racist crime/incidents/complaints
Eng Wales 54.370 racist incidents recorded by police (01/02 mid year)
Germany 12.933 crimes registered as politically motivated, right-wing
Finland 3.367 incidents reported against foreigners/ethnic minorities
Sweden 2.260 xenophobic crimes registered
Belgium 1.316 reports of racist discrimination
France 1.305 racist, xenophobic, anti-Semitic threats/acts reported
Austria 465 complaints against individuals re prohibited racist acts
Netherlands 242 discriminatory offences recorded
Ireland 102 incidents recorded with a racist motive
Denmark 68 criminal incidents with a suspected racist motive
Spain 66 racist/xenophobic acts recorded - 2001 data
Luxembourg 11 complaints of racial discrimination
Greece, Italy Portugal NO publicly available official data NO publicly available official data
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Responding to Challenges

• Absence of data collection
• Unable to fulfil mandate

Launch pilot victim survey on Ethnic minorities and foreigners/immigrants experiences of criminal victimisation and policing Pilot to test sampling and methodology on different minority groups in four MSs, with a view to conducting wider survey across EU
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Pilot Victim SurveyConsiderations for Sampling
Methodology

• Population How to decide on and identify groups
  for sampling?
• Sample Unit Individuals, households, dwellings?
• Location Where will surveys be conducted?
• Mode of delivery Pros and cons of face-to-face,
  CAPI, CATI Language of delivery.
• Consider COST and CREDIBILITY

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Identifying Sample Populations

• Identify maximum three ethnic minority and/or
  foreigner/immigrant groups in each MS for
  surveying
• Identify groups considered vulnerable to criminal
  victimisation, including racially, ethnically
  or religiously motivated crime
• Identify groups with common marginalised status
  when compared with majority population
• Identify groups on basis of available credible
  (official and unofficial) information

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Sample Population

• Ethnic Minority
• Both citizens (nationals) and non-citizens
  (non-nationals) of MSs who consider themselves as
  having identifiable group characteristics
  (language, culture, religion etc.)
• NOT to be confused with national minorities

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Sample Population

• Foreigner/Immigrant
• Non-citizens (non-nationals) of MSs, as defined
  by their nationality, or minority citizens who
  are commonly labelled so to indicate their
  otherness
• Someone who resides either permanently or
  temporarily in MS. NOT non-resident migrant
  workers or tourists
• Refugees and asylum seekers can be included

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Possible Sampling Approaches

• Various sampling approaches considered, with
  implications for surveys application mode
• High Density Sampling Many MSs have no official
  registers of ethnic minority populations,
  therefore sample in and around areas with known
  minority concentrations using best available
  demographic data
• Focused Enumeration Screening method - can be
  applied in high density sampling sites (BCS)

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Possible Sampling Approaches cont.

• Name Lists Identifies foreign names from
  available registers (electoral registers,
  telephone books)
• Multiplicity/Network Sampling Respondent asked
  to identify people from (typically) rare network
• Institutional Approach Institutions approached
  to help identify ethnic minority and
  immigrant/foreigner populations

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Sampling Considerations

• Adopt multi-stage probability sampling as
  appropriate to (1) each Member State and (2) each
  minority group
• Identify possible transferable methods for future
  survey
• Utilise existing survey experience re difficult
  to sample populations

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Victim Survey Expectations

• Short Term (Pilot)
• Test survey sampling/methodology on minorities
• Provide preliminary sampling/research results
• Long Term
• Provide an alternative source of information to
  official criminal justice data
• Identify minority groups prone to victimisation,
  receiving poor service from police/victim
  services, high levels of insecurity etc.
• Possibility for extension to EU25

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Pilot Survey Roadmap

• Launch CFT in February 2006
• Start survey early summer 2006
• Initial findings spring 2007
• jo.goodey_at_eumc.eu.int