Interest Grabber

1
Interest Grabber
Section 22-1

• Plants Make the World Go Round
• Life as we know it today could not exist without
  plants.Plants provide us with many essential
  items other than food.
• 1. With your partner, list five items you
  use daily that are byproducts of plants.
• 2. With your partner, list three items that
  plants must get from animalseither directly or
  indirectly.
• 3. Using your answers to questions 1 and 2,
  construct a diagram that illustrates the
  interdependence of plants and animals.

2
Section Outline
Section 22-1

• 221 Introduction to Plants
• A. What Is a Plant?
• B. The Plant Life Cycle
• C. What Plants Need to Survive
• 1. Sunlight
• 2. Water and Minerals
• 3. Gas Exchange
• 4. Movement of Water and Nutrients
• D. Early Plants
• 1. Origins in the Water
• 2. The First Plants
• E. Overview of the Plant Kingdom

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• All plants have alternation of generation by
  going through two phases. The diploid (2N) phase
  is known as the sporophyte, or spore-producing
  plant. The haploid (N) phase is known as the
  gametophyte, or gamete-producing plant. Plant
  spores are haploid (N) reproductive cells formed
  in the sporophyte plant by meiosis that can grow
  into new individuals.

• Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have
  cell walls made of cellulose. They develop from
  multicellular embryos and carry out
  photosynthesis using the green pigments
  chlorophyll a and b.

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Generalized Plant Life Cycle
Section 22-1
Spores(N)
Gametophyte Plant (N)
Sporophyte Plant (2N)
Sperm(N)
Eggs(N)
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What Plants Need to Survive

• Sunlight Plants use energy from sunlight to
  carry out photosynthesis. Plants have many
  adaptations to maximize the amount of sunlight
  they can receive (leaves).
• Water and Minerals All cells require a constant
  supply of water. Water is also used in
  photosynthesis. Plants have developed structures
  that limit water loss (wax).

• Gas Exchange Plants require oxygen to support
  cellular respiration as well as carbon dioxide to
  carry out photosynthesis. Gasses are exchanged
  with the environment with minimal loss of water.
• Movement of Water and Nutrients Plants take up
  water and minerals through their roots, but make
  their food in their leaves. Plants contain
  structures to transport these materials.

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Figure 226  A Cladogram of Plant Groups
Section 22-1
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The First Plants

• The first plants evolved from an organism much
  like the multicellular green algae living today.
  Remember, green algae have cell walls and
  photosynthetic pigments identical to those of
  plants.
• Plants evolved in several ways to allow for
  success on land rather than the water.

• Invention of a cuticle (keep water in)
• Invention of stoma (passage of gasses)
• Formation of distinct tissue
• Invention of vascularization (transport water and
  minerals)
• No more need of water for reproduction

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Figure 22-7 The Diversity of Plants
Section 22-1
Cone-bearing plants760 species
Floweringplants235,000 species
Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species
Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species
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Interest Grabber
Section 22-2

• Water Wanted
• Has the skin on your hands ever become dry and
  flaky? If so, its because water evaporated from
  your skin cells during exposure to dry air. If
  you apply moisturizing lotion to your hands, it
  protects your skin from dry air and prevents
  evaporation.

1. Mosses have leaves that are only one cell
thick. What will likely happen to these plants
when the air is dry? 2. What special features
might mosses have to protect them from dry
air? 3. Do you think mosses are better suited to
live on riverbanks or on desert slopes? Explain
your answer.
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Section Outline
Section 22-2

• 222 Bryophytes
• A. Groups of Bryophytes
• 1. Mosses
• 2. Liverworts
• 3. Hornworts
• B. Life Cycle of Bryophytes
• 1. Dependence on Water
• 2. Life Cycle of a Moss
• C. Human Use of Mosses

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Bryophytes

• Bryophytes mosses and their relatives
• They do not have vascular tissue or specialized
  tissues that conduct water and nutrients.
• Draw up water by osmosis. This limits their
  size.
• Life cycles depend on water for reproduction.

• Mosses
• - Most common Bryophyte
• -Phylum Bryophyta
• Liverworts
• -Phylum Hepaticophyta
• Hornworts
• -Phylum Anthocerophyta

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The Structure of a Moss
Section 22-2
Rhizoid
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Figure 2211  The Life Cycle of a Moss
Section 22-2
Haploid (N) Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
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Interest Grabber
Section 22-3

• Important Parts
• If youve picked or smelled flowers, eaten
  vegetables, climbed a tree, or pulled up weeds,
  you already know more about the parts of plants
  than you may realize. Think about your past
  experiences with plants, and then list the
  functions of each of the following parts of a
  plant
• 1. roots
• 2. leaves
• 3. stems
• 4. flowers and cones

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Section Outline
Section 22-3

• 223 Seedless Vascular Plants
• A. Evolution of Vascular Tissue A Transport
  System
• B. Ferns and Their Relatives
• 1. Club Mosses
• 2. Horsetails
• 3. Ferns
• C. Life Cycle of Ferns

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Seedless Vascular Plants
http//www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/phot0004.j
pg

• Phloem transport solutions of nutrients and
  carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.
• Lignin is a substance that make cell walls rigid
  and enables vascular plants to grow upright and
  reach great heights.

• Vascular plants contain vascular tissue which is
  specialized to conduct water and nutrients
  throughout the plant.
• Tracheids are water conducting cells that were
  one of the great evolutionary innovations of the
  plant kingdom. They are hollow cells with thick
  cell walls that resist pressure. They are
  connected end to end like drinking straws.
• Xylem are plant tissue that carries water upward
  from the roots to every part of the plant.

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Roots, Stems and Leaves

• Leaves
• -the leaves may function is to absorb sunlight
  and carry out photosynthesis.
• -the flattened section is the blade and the thin
  stalk is called a petiole.
• -Stomata are openings in the leaf. It allows air
  to enter for photosynthesis to occur, but
  prevents an excessive amount of water from
  escaping. Guard cells regulate the opening by
  the amount of water they contain.

• Roots
• Anchor the plant.
• Absorb water and nutrients and send them up the
  stem.
• Store food.
• 2 types (taproot and fibrous root)
• Stems
• Three important functions
• -produce leaves, braches and flowers
• -hold leaves up to the sunlight
• -transport substances between roots and leaves.

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Transpiration

• Transpiration is a process caused by the
  evaporation of water from leaves of plants and
  its corresponding uptake from roots in the soil.
  Transpiration cools plants down and enables mass
  flow of minerals to where it is needed in the
  plant. Mass flow is caused by the decrease in
  hydrostatic (water) pressure in the upper parts
  of the plants due to the diffusion of water out
  of stomata into the atmosphere. Water is absorbed
  at the roots by osmosis, and any dissolved
  solutes travel with it through the xylem.

http//wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration
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http//techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module01/Transpirati
on.htm
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Compare/Contrast Table
Section 22-3
Comparing Spore-Bearing Vascular Plants
Characteristics Watertransportation Structure
Club Mosses By vasculartissue Look like
miniature pine trees scalelike leaves
Horsetails By vasculartissue True leaves, stems,
and roots
Ferns By vasculartissue Creeping or underground
rhizomes (stems) fronts (leaves) some have no
roots or leaves
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Figure 2217  The Life Cycle of a Fern
Section 22-3
MEIOSIS
Sporangium(2N)
Haploid gametophyte (N) Diploid sporophyte (2N)
Frond
Younggametophyte(N)
Spores(N)
Maturesporophyte(2N)
Developingsporophyte(2N)
Maturegametophyte(N)
Antheridium
Sperm
Gametophyte(N)
Egg
Sporophyteembryo(2N)
Archegonium
FERTILIZATION
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Figure 241 Evolution of the Gametophyte and the
Sporophyte
Section 24-1
Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte (2N)
Bryophytes
Ferns
Seed plants
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Interest Grabber
Section 22-4

• Eat Your Seeds!
• A seed contains both the embryo of a plant and a
  food supply for that plant. If you have eaten
  corn, youve eaten a seed. Do you like hamburger
  buns with sesame seeds on them? Thats another
  kind of seed youve eaten.
• After you answer the following questions,
  exchange papers with a partner to see how many of
  the same seeds you listed.

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Interest Grabber continued
Section 22-4

• 1. In addition to sesame seeds, what are some
  other seeds that are found in or on top of loaves
  of bread?
• 2. In addition to corn, what are some other
  seeds that are eaten as vegetables?
• 3. What are some seeds that you have eaten as
  snack foods?
• 4. What types of nutrients are found in seeds?
• 5. Do seeds have the same nutritional value for
  plants as they do for animals? Explain your
  answer.

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Section Outline
Section 22-4

• 224 Seed Plants
• A. Reproduction Free From Water
• 1. Cones and Flowers
• 2. Pollen
• 3. Seeds
• B. Evolution of Seed Plants
• C. GymnospermsCone Bearers
• 1. Gnetophytes
• 2. Cycads
• 3. Ginkgoes
• 4. Conifers
• 5. Ecology of Conifers

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Seed Plants

• Gymnosperms bear their seeds directly on the
  surface of cones. They include conifers (pines
  and spruces) as well as palmlike plants (cycads,
  ginkgoes and gnetophytes)
• Angiosperms (flowering plants) bear their seeds
  within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.
  They include grasses, flowering trees and shrubs,
  wildflowers and cultivated flowers.

• The gametophytes of seed plants grow and mature
  within sporophyte structures called cones and
  flowers.
• The male gametophyte is contained in a pollen
  grain. The sperm produced travels by wind,
  insects or small animals to the egg in the
  process called pollination.

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Figure 244 The Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm
Section 24-1
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Compare/Contrast Table
Section 22-4
Comparing Features of Seed Plants
Feature Seeds Reproduction Examples
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Bear their seeds on cones Can reproduce without
water male gametophytes are contained in pollen
grains fertilization occurs by
pollination Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes,
gnetophytes
Bear their seeds within flowers Can reproduce
without water male gametophytes are contained in
pollen grains fertilization occurs by
pollination Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs,
wildflowers, cultivated flowers
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Seeds

• After fertilization, the zygote contained within
  a seed grows into tiny plant the embryo. The
  embryo often stops growing while it is still
  small and contained within the seed. This can
  occur for an extended period of time till
  conditions are right once again.
• Germination is the growth of the embryo inside
  the seed. It is dependent upon proper
  temperature, water, oxygen and the preceding
  period of dormancy.

• A seed is an embryo of a plant that is encased
  in a protective covering and surrounded by a food
  supply.
• An embryo is an organism in its early stage of
  development. An embryo is a diploid and is the
  early developmental stage of sporophyte plant.
• The seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo
  and keeps the contents of the seed from dying
  out.

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Figure 2219 The Structure of a Seed
Section 22-4
B
A
31

• AD Embryo
• B Seed Coat
• C Endosperm (food rich tissue that nourishes
  the seedling as it grows)
• E Funiculus Scar

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Interest Grabber
Section 22-5

• Its a Plants Life
• Not all plants have the same life span. For this
  reason, scientists divide plants into different
  categories. Two such categories are annuals and
  biennials.

1. Memorial Day, Presidents Day, and
Independence Day are allexamples of annual
holidays. Using this information, how often does
an annual event occur? 2. Bimonthly magazines are
published every two months. Biweekly newspapers
are published every two weeks. Using this
information,how often does a biennial event
occur? 3. Distinguish between the life spans of
annual plants and biennial plants.
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Section Outline
Section 22-5

• 225 AngiospermsFlowering Plants
• A. Flowers and Fruits
• B. Diversity of Angiosperms
• 1. Monocots and Dicots
• 2. Woody and Herbaceous Plants
• 3. Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials

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Concept Map
Section 22-5
Plants
are categorized as
that completetheir life cycle in
that completetheir life cycle in
that completetheir life cycle in
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Angiosperms

• Angiosperms (enclosed seed) develop unique
  reproductive organs known as flowers. Flowers
  are an evolutionary advantage to plants because
  they attract other organisms to transport pollen
  from flower to flower.
• Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and
  protect seeds. After pollination, the ovary
  develops into a fruit.

• Monocots and dicots are two classes within
  angiosperms.
• Monocots have one seed leaf or cotyledon .
• Dicots have two seed leaves or cotyledons.
• Other differences are shown the next slide.

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Figure 2225 Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots
Section 22-5
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
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Flower

• The carpels (pistils) are the innermost floral
  parts, which produce the female gametophytes.
• The broad base of each carpel forms the ovary,
  which contains one or more ovules where female
  gametophytes are produced.
• The style is the stalk from the broad base.
• The top of the style is the stigma, which is a
  sticky region where pollen grains land.
• Reproduction takes place within the flower.
  Following pollination the seed develops into a
  fruit.

• Sepals the outermost circle of floral parts.
  (Usually green)
• Petals are usually brightly colored and attract
  insects and other pollinators.
• Stamen are the male parts of the flower.
• The filament is a long, stalk that supports the
  anther.
• The anther is an oval sac where meiosis takes
  place producing haploid male gametophytes (pollen
  grains)

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Figure 245 The Structure of a Flower
Section 24-1
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Figure 247 The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
Section 24-1
Haploid (N) Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
Ovule
FERTILIZATION
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Tropisms responses by plants to environmental
factors.

• Chemotropism movement caused by a chemical
  stimulus.
• Thigmotropism organism moves or grows due to
  being touched.

• Phototropism growth movement induced by light
  stimuli.
• Geotropism (gravitropism) growth response to
  gravity. (Roots have positive while stems have
  negative)
• Hydrotropism tendency of an organism to grow
  towards or away from water.
• Thermotropism tendency of a plant to grow
  towards or away from a heat source.

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Figure 253  Auxins and Phototropism
Section 25-1
Highconcentrationof auxin
Lowconcentrationof auxin
Control
Tipremoved
Opaquecap
Clearcap
Opaque shiedover base
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Photoperiodism and Flowering
Section 25-2
Short-Day Plant
Long-Day Plant
Midnight
Photoperiodism is the response by a plant to the
length of light and darkness in a day.
Noon Long Day
Midnight
Noon Short Day
Midnight
Noon Interrupted Night
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Figure 25-2 Hormone Action on Plants
Section 25-1
Hormone-producing cells
Movement of hormone
Target cells
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Video
Video
Fertilizers

• Click the image to play the video segment.

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Internet
Go Online

• The latest discoveries in plants
• Bryophyte activity
• Career links on botanical illustrators
• Interactive test
• For links on classifying plants, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-7221.
• For links on seedless vascular plants, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-7223.
• For links on seed plants, go to www.SciLinks.org
  and enter the Web Code as follows cbn-7224.

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Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. With your partner, list five items you use
  daily that are byproducts of plants.
• Student lists will vary, but should include some
  of the following items oxygen, food, fruit,
  wood, water.
• 2. With your partner, list three items that
  plants must get from animalseither directly or
  indirectly.
• Student lists will vary, but should include some
  of the following items water, carbon dioxide,
  nutrients (from decaying animals), soil.
• 3. Using your answers to questions 1 and 2,
  construct a diagram that illustrates the
  interdependence of plants and animals.
• Student diagrams should indicate plantanimal
  interdependence.

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Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Mosses have leaves that are only one cell
thick. What will likely happen to these plants
when the air is dry? Water in their cells will
evaporate, and they will dry out. 2. What special
features might mosses have to protect them from
dry air? Possible answers coatings on their
leaves to prevent evaporation ways to store
water for their cells. 3. Do you think mosses are
better suited to live on riverbanks or on desert
slopes? Explain your answer. Riverbanks because
the leaves of mosses are only one cell thick,
they probably dry out easily and so need moist
environments, such as riverbanks.
48
Section 3 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
List the functions of each of the following parts
of a plant 1. roots Support the plant take in
water from the soil anchor plant in
soil 2. leaves Capture sunlight perform
photosynthesis 3. stems Support the leaves
carry water and food up and down the plant 4.
flowers and cones Reproduction
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Section 4 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. In addition to sesame seeds, what are some
  other seeds that are found in or on top of loaves
  of bread?
• Most students will list poppy seeds and caraway
  seeds. In addition, some multi-grain breads
  contain millet and flax seeds.
• 2. In addition to corn, what are some other
  seeds that are eaten as vegetables?
• Peas and all types of beans, such as lima beans,
  black beans, kidney beans, and so on
• 3. What are some seeds that you have eaten as
  snack foods?
• Sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, peanuts
• 4. What types of nutrients are found in seeds?
• Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
• 5. Do seeds have the same nutritional value for
  plants as they do for animals? Explain your
  answer.
• Yes. Plants and animals use the same nutrients
  to live.

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Section 5 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Memorial Day, Presidents Day, and
Independence Day are allexamples of annual
holidays. Using this information, how often does
an annual event occur? Once every year 2.
Bimonthly magazines are published every two
months. Biweekly newspapers are published every
two weeks. Using this information,how often does
a biennial event occur? Once every two years 3.
Distinguish between the life spans of annual
plants and biennial plants. Their life spans
differ in the number of years the plants live.
Because annual holidays occur once a year, annual
plants would likely die after one year. Because
biennial events occur once every two years,
biennial plants would probably die after two
years.
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End of Custom Shows

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