10th American History Unit VI A Growing America

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10th American History Unit VI A Growing America

• Chapter 19- The Industrial Age
• Section 1 The Second Industrial Revolution

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The Second Industrial Revolution

• The Big Idea
• The Second Industrial Revolution led to new
  sources of power and advances in transportation
  and communication.
• Main Ideas
• Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom
  in railroad construction.
• Advances in the use of oil and electricity
  improved communications and transportation.
• A rush of inventions changed Americans lives.

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Main Idea 1 Breakthroughs in steel processing
led to a boom in railroad construction.

• Technological advances were important to Second
  Industrial Revolution, period of rapid growth in
  U.S. manufacturing in late 1800s
• Bessemer process, invented mid-1850s, allowed
  steel to be produced quickly and cheaply.
• Helped increase steel production from 77,000 tons
  in 1870 to more than 1 million tons in 1879
• As steel dropped in price, so did the cost of
  building railroads, generating a boom in railroad
  construction.
• Growth of railroads helped the country expand and
  prosper.
• How did the Bessemer process change the steel
  industry?
• How did the Bessemer process affect industry in
  the United States?

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Making Steel

• Bessemer Process- 1850s
• Faster and Cheaper
• 1873- 115,000 Tons / 1910- 24 million tons.
• Transforms US economy into a modern industrial
  economy
• Railroads, rails, bridges, and buildings.
• Practical everyday items- like nails and wire.

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The Bessemer Process
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Main Idea 2Advances in the use of oil and
electricity improved communications and
transportation.

• Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into
  fuel called kerosene in the 1850s.
• Kerosene, which could be used for cooking,
  heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil.
• A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump
  oil from the ground was developed in 1859.

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Development of Electricity

• Invention
• Inventor Thomas Edison, who held more than 1,000
  patents, worked to invent an electric light.
• Edison and his team introduced the first
  practical electric lightbulb in 1879.

• Spread
• Edison created a power company to distribute
  electricity, but could not send it over long
  distances.
• George Westinghouse built a power system that
  could send electricity many miles across the
  country.

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Thomas Edison

• Thomas Alva Edison was one of Americas most
  famous inventors.
• In 1876 Edison opened his own research laboratory
  in Menlo Park, New Jersey, where he hired
  assistants with scientific and technical
  expertise to think creatively and work hard.
• Edison spent hours testing ideas, and his team
  soon invented the first phonograph and a
  telephone transmitter.
• Edison was the first to come up with a safe
  electric light bulb that could light homes and
  street lamps.
• He then undertook a venture to bring an
  electricity network to New York City, and in 1882
  he installed a lighting system powered by his own
  electric power plants similar to ones that were
  later built all over the U.S.
• Edison and his team later invented a motion
  picture camera and projector. In all, he held
  over 1,000 U.S. patents.

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Thomas A. Edison 558
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Use of Oil and Electricity

• What were some of the used of kerosene?
• What problem did Thomas Edison face regarding the
  use of electricity, and how did he solve it?
• What effect did competition have on the use of
  electricity?

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Main Idea 3A rush of inventions changed
Americans lives.

• New telegraph technology connected the United
  States with Britain by cable in 1866.
• Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in
  1876.
• Telephones were rapidly adopted, the number
  rising from 55,000 in 1880 to almost 1.5 million
  in 1900.

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Automobiles and Planes

• The automobile industry grew in steps.
• 1876 German engineer invented the
  gasoline-powered engine.
• 1893 The United States built its first
  practical motorcar.
• 1908 Henry Ford introduced the Model T.
• Ford was first to implement the moving assembly
  line in manufacturing, making cars more
  affordable.
• Wilbur and Orville Wright invented an airplane
  powered by a gas engine in 1903.

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Rush of Inventions

• What advances were made in communication and
  transportation?
• How did telephones improve communication?
• How do you think telephones and automobiles
  changed the lives of people who used them?

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Wilbur and Orville Wright- 246
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City Growth Spurs Transportation Advances
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Advances in Transportation and Communication

• Streetcars- Horse drawn mass transit. 1830s.
  1900s electric.
• Subways- 1897- first underground rail system-
  Boston
• Automobiles- horse-less carriage
• Airplanes- 1903- Wilber and Orville Wright
• Telegraph- 1837 Samuel Morse, Morse code. Used
  by Railroad for fast communication.
• Telephone- 1876 Alexander Graham Bell. 1900 over
  a million phones.
• Typewriter- 1876
• Thomas A. Edison- Electric Light bulb,
  phonograph, motion picture camera and projector.

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Inventors Revolutionize Communication
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Consumerism, Department Stores, and City Life
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Mass Marketing

• Retail merchants desire to maximize profits.
• Brand Names and advertising aimed at women.
• Department stores

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Mass Marketing

• Urban shopping
• Earliest shopping center- Cleveland, Ohio in
  1890. 4 levels, Glass, Band music, and elegant
  environment.
• Retail Shopping districts- with public
  transportation

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Mass Marketing

• Department Stores
• Made shopping easier- anyone could shop there.
• Different goods under one roof in separate
  departments.
• Marshall Field brought the concept to America in
  Chicago. A store with several floors of
  specialized departments.
• Offered a variety of personal services.
• Give the Lady what she wants
• The Bargain basement- less expensive but
  reliable.

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Mass Marketing

• The Chain Store
• Retail stores offering the same merchandise under
  the same ownership
• Sold goods for less- by buying in quantity and
  limiting personal service.
• 1870s- F.W. Woolworth- 5 and Dime Stores.
  Offered the costumer items at very low prices.
  1911- 596 stores and Millions of dollars in goods
  per week.

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Mass Marketing

• Advertising
• Modern consumerism caused an explosion in
  advertising.
• 1865-10 million, but in 1900- 95 million
• Patent medicine was the largest advertiser
• Newspapers, magazines, and signs on barns,
  houses, billboards and even rocks.

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Mass Marketing

• Catalogs and RFD
• Bringing the retail merchandise to small towns.
• Mail order catalogs.
• 1910- 10 million shopped by mail
• RFD- Post office introduces - Rural Free
  Delivery- brought packages directly to every home.

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City Goods for Country Consumers

• American Farm family- Historically
• Made everything for themselves
• House, furniture, clothing, etc.
• Bought pots and pans from peddlers.
• Few ready made things to buy.
• Things changed after the Civil War, but to get
  the new goods farm families still had to go the
  nearest village general store.
• No place for bargains- General store manager
  could not get whole sale prices and things were
  expensive.
• Things got old and dusty on shelves and cost a
  lot for shipping.

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Things by the millions

• Machine tool industry
• Parent industry- machines for making machines.
  Often metal-cutting tools.
• Standard Fasteners- nuts and bolts.
• Efficiency Experts
• Old way- Rule of Thumb
• Fredrick W. Taylor- Scientific Management
• Steel industry
• Better shovel more production, more efficient
  work, less workers needed, and better pay for
  workers.
• Thomas Edison and Invention.- Light bulb,
  phongraph, kinetoscope, etc.

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Montgomery Ward

• 1872 Montgomery Ward-First Mail-Order House
• Revolutionary idea of a dry goods mail-order
  business
• Rural customers often wanted "city" goods but
  were often victimized by monopolists and no
  guarantee of quality.
• Eliminating intermediaries, cut costs and make a
  wide variety of goods available to rural
  customers,
• Ward started his business,with two partners and
  using 1,600 they had raised in capital.
• The first catalog in August 1872 consisted of a 8
  by 12 in. single-sheet price list, showing 163
  articles for sale with ordering instructions.
  Ward himself wrote the first catalog copy.
• By 1904, three million catalogs weighing 4 pounds
  each were being mailed to customers. Ward's early
  customers were primarily from rural America,
  lured by a large selection of items and a promise
  of "satisfaction guaranteed."

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Montgomery Ward

• 1883- catalog, popularly known as the "Wish
  Book-240 pages and 10,000 items.
• 1886-first serious competition in the mail order
  business, Sears and Roebuck.
• 1900- Wards had total sales of 8.7 million10
  million for Sears.
• 1904- Ward mailed out three million catalogs
  weighing 4 pounds to customers.
• 1908- Ward company opened a 1.25 million ft²
  (116,000 m²) catalog warehouse along the north
  side of the Chicago River downtown Chicago.
  served as the company headquarters until 1974.
  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in
  1978 and a Chicago historic landmark in May
  2000.

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Montgomery Ward

• The company remained exclusively a mail-order
  business until 1926, when the first Montgomery
  Ward retail store opened in Plymouth, Indiana. By
  1929, the total number of stores was 531.
• In 1939, staff copywriter Robert L. May created
  the character of Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer
  as part of a Christmas sales promotion for the
  company. Six million copies of the storybook were
  distributed in 1946.

• By the 1960's the mail-order business was fading.
  The catalog ceased to exist in 1985. The managers
  of the company tried various rescue strategies to
  no avail. Wards had been bought and sold several
  times when it announced in December 2000 that the
  company was closing and its 37,000 employees
  would be terminated.

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Sears and Roebuck 1902 Catalog
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Sears and Roebuck

• It is often said that at the turn of the century
  the Sears Catalog had become one of the two books
  that rural folks ever read! Its contents
  described products which rural folks had never
  even dreamed. Promises of "Free Trial Offer" and
  "Money-Back Guarantee" enticed farmers and their
  families to buy products that they could have
  never imagined nor afforded prior to Sears's
  offerings. A new age of American consumer
  democracy enabled the working poor and the
  geographically isolated to purchase items that
  had never before been available to them.

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Sears and Roebuck- the promise

• Go-Getters Richard Sears (jewelry salesman) and
  his partner Alvah Roebuck (a watchmaker/print
  shop owner) began to make catalogs.
• Sears developed a quick drying ink, systems of
  color printing and thinner paper to make the
  catalog cheaper to make.
• Keys for Mail Order Catalogs to have success were
• Had to have customer trust
• Customers had to have adequate income.
• Postal service must be adequate
• There must be a variety and quality of goods.
• There had to be presses large enough to print the
  catalogs.
• Need a iron clad money back guarantee

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Sears and Roebuck

• Roebuck began producing a catalog-type mailing of
  their wares in 1888 which offered mainly watches,
  jewelry and silverware.
• Sears would release a new catalog when he felt
  that he had enough merchandise to sell, or when
  the economy dictated that prices needed to be
  changed.

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Sears and Roebuck

• Gradually it became obvious that the most popular
  items Sears sold during the 1890s were sewing
  machines, bicycles (It is said that the company
  sold 100,000 bicycles in one year!) and cream
  separators -- durable, long-lasting items.

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Sears and Roebuck

• 1891As the 1890s began, Sears's operation was
  still associated specifically with the watch and
  jewelry market, and the 1891 catalog was 32-pages
  of watches with an 8-page insert of jewelry and
  sewing machines which fit into a business
  envelope. Customers were offered the opportunity
  to purchase C.O.D., but all orders required a 1
  good faith deposit

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1893Then in 1893 Sears, Roebuck Company was
formally incorporated. Sears would buy whatever
surplus and distressed bargain merchandise he
could from manufacturers and wholesalers, and
then resell it to the public. The 196-page 1893
catalog contained more firearms, as well as
furniture, appliances, men's clothing, buggies
and bicycles. Customers could still buy C.O.D.,
but Sears no longer required the 1 deposit. Even
so, for the first time customers had to pay 3
cents to receive a copy of the catalog.
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Sears and Roebuck

• 1894Women's apparel was added in 1894 along with
  more furniture, books, wagons and many other
  miscellaneous items.
• Also in 1894, Sears, Roebuck Company which was
  still located in Minneapolis and employed 80
  people, opened a branch location in Chicago,
  which eventually became the home office. This
  enabled Sears to utilize Chicago's central
  location to an advantage, also allowing for
  better competition with Montgomery Ward.

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Sears and Roebuck

• 1896Groceries became a part of the catalog in
  1896 with items such as sugar, flour, canned
  goods and preserves, cured meats, and coffee,
  etc. Patented medicines, drugs and a variety of
  household remedies were also part of the new
  product line.

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Sears and Roebuck
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Sears and Roebuck

• The catalogs provide an invaluable record of
  material culture of American life by showing us
  what people needed in everyday life and what they
  wished for in their everyday dreams.
• The Sears catalogs are a vast diary of the times
  and provide a glimpse into the not so distant
  past of our ancestors. They also are a record of
  American progress and technological advances.
• The catalogs were fondly referred to as "The
  Farmer's Bible" and "The Nation's Wish Book," and
  are considered collectors items today as well as
  valuable resources for scholarly research.

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