Greg Cooler English 1101

1
HUMAN CLONING
Is It Right?
Greg Cooler English 1101 Dr. Janice Walker
Photo Source http//www.cyagra.com/process3.htm
2
What is Cloning?

• Cloning is and umbrella term that is generally
  used by scientists to describe the different
  processes used for duplicating biological
  material.
• There are different types of cloning.

Source http//www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Huma
n_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtmlgeneral
3
Types of Cloning

• Reproductive Cloning
• Therapeutic Cloning

Source http//www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Huma
n_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtmlgeneral
4
Reproductive Cloning

• It is a technology used to generate an organism
  that has the same nuclear DNA as another
  currently or previously existing organism.
• Uses the process called "somatic cell nuclear
  transfer, in which scientists transfer genetic
  material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell
  to an egg whose genetic material has been
  removed.
• The creation of Dolly the Sheep in 1997 brought
  reproductive cloning to the forefront.

Source http//www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Huma
n_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtmlgeneral
5
Dolly the Sheep

• A Finn Dorset Sheep, Dolly, was born at the
  Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland on July
  5th, 1996.
• One of the most significant scientific
  breakthroughs ever, Dolly was the first mammal
  cloned from an adult cell.

• This experiment, led by Ian Wilmut, proved that a
  single adult cell contains all of the genetic
  information needed to reprogram itself into an
  entirely new being.
• Dolly also proved that a cloned animal can
  reproduce naturally, as she bred with a mountain
  ram named David twice and gave birth to four
  healthy lambs.

Source http//novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his13
5/events/Dolly96/Dolly_Module.html
Photo Source http//www.sheep101.info/famoussheep
.html
6
Therapeutic Cloning

• Also known as embryo cloning, this is the
  production of human embryos for use in
  research(Human Genome).
• Begins with the same Somatic Cell Nuclear
  Transfer process as reproductive cloning. The
  difference is that the embryo that is created is
  only allowed to grow for around 14 days, at which
  point it is harvested for stem cells. Stem cells
  are the goal of therapeutic cloning and are able
  to become any kind of cell in the body.(Robinson)

7
Therapeutic Cloning

• In 2001, a company call Advanced Cell
  Technologies, made a giant step forward in
  therapeutic research when they cloned the first
  human embryos.
• They did this by injecting hollow eggs with
  cumulus skin cells, which, like other cells in
  the body, contain a complete set of genetic
  information. After the eggs are injected they
  must be activated. This is done using a chemical
  reagent called ionomycin.
• The goal of the scientists at Advanced Cell
  Technologies is to one day be able to grow
  replacement organs for patients in need without
  the threat of the organs being rejected by the
  patients body.

Source http//www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.01/c
lones.html
8
VIDEO OF NUCLEAR TRANSFER
Video Source www.advancedcell.com
9
Reproductive Argument

• The success rate is extremely low. Dolly the
  sheep was the result of 277 eggs that were used
  to create 29 embryos, which produced 3 lambs, of
  which only Dolly survived (Center for Genetics
  and Society).
• It also inherently unsafe with 95-98 of
  mammalian cloning experiments resulting in
  failures in the form of miscarriages,
  stillbirths, and life-threatening anomalies.
  This technology could not be developed without
  putting the physical safety of the clones and the
  women who bear them at risk (Center for Genetics
  and Society).
• There is also a question of whether the surviving
  clones are actually clones at all. If the
  nucleus is not completely reprogrammed, the
  resulting embryo can develop abnormally or fail
  completely (Genetic Science Learning Center).

10
Therapeutic Argument

• Therapeutic cloning has many positive aspects.
• The embryos cloned in this process are needed to
  do embryonic stem cell research, which has
  promised to revolutionize medicine (Center for
  Genetics and Society)
• Stem cells have the ability to become any type
  cell in the body. They are thought to be healthy
  replacements for cells damaged by diseases such
  as diabetes, osteoporosis, Alzheimers, and
  Parkinsons disease. These affect over 130
  million people in the U.S. (Rohm).

11
Conclusion

• The subject of cloning is a complicated subject
  that should be viewed from all sides of the
  argument.
• Although the different types all fall under the
  category cloning they are very different from
  each other.
• Human Reproductive cloning is too risky to even
  consider at this point in time.
• Therapeutic Cloning is a technology that will
  open up many doors in the medical field as time
  progresses.

Source http//www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Hum
an_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml
12
Works Cited

• Center for Genetics and Society. "Human Cloning
  Reproductive Cloning     Arguments."
  Genetics-and-Society.org. 30 May 2003. 27 Oct.
  2006     lthttp//www.genetics-and-society.org/tec
  hnologies/cloning/     reproarguments.htmlgt.
• Genetic Science Learning Center. Dept. home page.
  3 Jan. 2005. The University of Utah. 28 Oct. 2006
  lthttp//learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/clo
  ningrisks/gt.
• Human Genome Management. "Cloning Fact Sheet."
  Human Genome Project Information.     29 Aug.
  2006. U.S. Department of Energy Office of
  Science. 30 Oct. 2006     lthttp//www.ornl.gov/sc
  i/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtmlgt.
• Robinson, B. A. "Therapeutic Cloning - How it is
  Done." Religious Tolerance. 29     Oct. 2005.
  Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 27
  Oct. 2006     lthttp//www.religioustolerance.org/
  clo_ther.htmgt.
• Rohm, Wendy Goldman. "Seven Days of Creation The
  Inside Story of a Cloning     Experiment." Wired
  Jan. 2004 1-5. Wired.com. Ed. Chris Anderson.
  Conde     Nast Publications. 27 Oct. 2006
  lthttp//www.wired.com/wired/archive/     12.01/cl
  ones.htmlgt.

13
List of Graphics and Videos

• Slide 1. clon8.jpeg stolen from
  http//www.cyagra.com/process3.htm
• Slide 5. Dolly.BMP and Dolly3lambs.jpeg
  stolen from http//www.sheep101.info/famoussheep.h
  tml
• Slide 8. Nuclear Transfer Video Stolen from
  Advanced Cell Technologies. http//www.advancedcel
  l.com