ta apt dadast sedas

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???t??a a??pt???? d?ad?ast???? s?ed?asµ??

• Waterfall lifecycle model
• Spiral lifecycle model
• Rapid Application Development (RAD)

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???t??a ?????? ???? ????sµ????

• ??a ap?? µ??t??? ?????? ???? ????sµ????

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???t??a ?????? ???? ????sµ???? µ??a?????
????sµ????

• ???t??? ?ata????t? (Waterfall lifecycle model)
• Spe???e?d?? (Spiral lifecycle model)
• Rapid Application Development (RAD)

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???t??? ?ata????t? (1)
representation process
of activity
Royce, W. W. Managing the Development of Large
Software Systems, in Proceedings of IEEE WESCON,
IEEE, pp. 1-9, 1970
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???t??a a??pt???? efa?µ???? p???µ?s??

• Waterfall lifecycle model
• ??e??e?t?µata
• G?aµµ??? d?ad??as?a (Structured process)
• ?e?a??te??? ??e???? (Control)
• ???ß??µata
• ????p???te? p??? ?a?? p??sd????sµ? t?? a?a????
  t?? efa?µ????
• ????? p?????µµata de? e??a? d??at? ?a ?????
  d?aµ??f?µ????? saf?? st????? st?? a??? t???
• ???? p??sd???????ta? st? t????
• ?e? ?p???e? ??a? ep?s?µ?? t??p?? ?ata??af??
  a??a??? st?? ??????s?
• ???a? apa?a?t?t? ?a ????µe p??????se? st??
  ???p???s? t?? s?st?µat?? ??a ?a ?????µe ??p??a
  a???????s?

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Spe???e?d?? µ??t???
Boehm, B. W. A Spiral Model of Software
Development and Enhancement, IEEE Computer, pp.
61-72, May 1988
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W lifecycle model John Harrison 1992
Analysis
Implementation
Implementation
Design
Analysis
Design
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Rapid Application Development (RAD) 90s

• ???spa?e? ?a ?p?st????e? µ?a a????p??e?t????
  ?p??? ?a? ?a e?a??st?p???se? t?? ???d??? p??
  p???a?e?ta? ap? t?? apa?t?se?? p?? a??????? ?at?
  t? d????e?a t?? p?????µµat??
• ??? ????a ?a?a?t???st??? e??? p?????µµat?? RAD
  e??a?
• ???????? e???ß?t?sµ?? ?p?????? e??µ???? ??????
  µ?sa st??? ?p????? p??pe? ?a pa?ad??e? ??a
  s?st?µa ? ??a ??µµ?t? t?? s?st?µat??
• ????? e??ast???a a??pt???? efa?µ???? (JAD Joint
  Application Development) sta ?p??a ?? ???ste? ?a?
  ?? ?pe?????? ??a t?? a??pt??? e?????ta? ?a
  ?e?a?a??s??? t?? apa?t?se?? t?? s?st?µat??.

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Rapid Application Development (RAD) 90s
Project initiation
JAD workshops
Iterative design and build
Evaluate final system
Implementation review
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Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM)

• Feasibility study
• Business study
• Functional model iteration
• Design and build iteration
• Implementation

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???t??a ?????? ???? ????sµ???? µ??a?????
????sµ????

• RAD DSDM vs interaction design

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HCI µ??t??a ?????? ????

• Lifecycle models in HCI
• Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) est???eta? st??
  p????aµµat?sµ? (planning)
• Open System Task Analysis (OSTA) est???e? st??
  p????? s?????? s??d??
• Multiview e??a? µ?a p????? µe??d?????a ap? t??
• p????aµµat?sµ? µ???? t?? ???p???s?
• Star lifecycle model focus primarily on the
  design derived from empirical work on
  understanding how designers tackled HCI design
  problems, this represents a very flexible process
  with evaluation at its core
• est???e? p??t?sta st? s??d?? p?? p?????eta? ap?
  eµpe????? e??as?a ??a t?? ?ata???s? p?? ??
  s?ed?ast?? a?t?µet?p????? ta p??ß??µata s?ed???
  HCI, a?t? a?t?p??s?pe?e? µ?a p??? e?????t?
  d?ad??as?a ????ta? ?? p????a
• t?? a???????s?
• Usability Engineering lifecycle µ?a d?µ?µ???
  p??s????s? p?? p?????eta? ap? t?? µ??a????
  e????st?a?

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?????p??e?t????? s?ed?asµ??
Strategic information system planning
Plan for systems
Open System Task Analysis (OSTA)
Manage
People work technology
Design
Usability evaluation
Design methodology Multiview
Job design technical support
Usability studies
Design methodology for star lifecycle
Implement
Implementation strategy
Management of change
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?e??d?????a a??pt???? s?st?µ?t?? ????sµ???? (Soft
System methodology, SSM)
1. The problem situation
7. Action to improve the situation
2. The problem situation expressed
6. Feasible and desirable changes
CATWOE Clients Actors Transformation Weltanschauun
g (that is, the world view) Owners Environment
5. Comparison of 4 with 2
Real world
Abstract
3. Root definition of relevant systems
4. Building conceptual models
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Open System Task Analysis (OSTA)
Object/action flow chart in which the objects to
be transformed and the actions that bring this
about are identified.
(3) Relevant environment
Work requirements
(4) Fundamental transformations
(2) Inputs
(1) Primary task
Work performing system
(5) Social system
(6) Technical system
(7) Performance satisfaction
(8) Functionality usability acceptability
Future criteria
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Multiview methodology (1)
5. Design technical aspects
Technical requirements
Entity model
4. Design HCI
Entity model
Role sets (RS) Designing people tasks
(PT) Computer task requirements (CTR)
Functional model (FM)
2. Analyse information
3. Analyse and design sociotechnical aspects
Primary task model (PTM)
1. Analyse human activity
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Multiview methodology (2)

• ? µ???d?? ßas??eta? st?? HCI s?ed?asµ?
• ???????e? µ?a p??s????s? t?? e??tas??
  ?????????te?????? e?a??a?t???? ??se??
• ??a??e? t?? e????e?e? t?? a????p?? ap? ?p??
  p????pte? ??a µ??t??? e?e??e??? (people task
  model (PTM) ) p?? ap?te?e? ??a? ?a????sµ?? ??a t?
  s??p? t?? s?st?µat??
• ????ete? t? d?aµ??f?s? s??se?? ??t?t?t?? ?a? t?
  d?aµ??f?s? ???? p????f????? p???e?µ???? ?a
  a?apt???e? t? e??????????? p??t?p? p??t?? ?a
  ??f???? ?? f?s???? ap?f?se?? s?ed???

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Star lifecycle model Hartson Hix 1989 (1)
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Star lifecycle model (2)

• ???t?s? - e?et?ste ta ?f??? t?? µ??t???? ??????
  ???? ????sµ???? p?? pa???s??st??a? µ???? t??a ?a?
  s?efte?te ??at? t? star model de? ??e?
  ???s?µ?p????e? e????? ?a? ep?t???? ??a ta µe???a
  p?????µµata st? ß??µ??a??a
• ?? star model e??a? e?a??et??? e?????t? st??
  p???? ?ts? e??????ta? ?? s?ed?ast??
• ??t??t???, ta µ??t??a ???? pa?????? t? d?µ?, ?a?
  µ?a ?e???? ?p??? t?? p??sp??e?a? a??pt???? ?ts?
  ?ste
• ? d?ad??as?a ?a µp??e? ?a a????????e?
• ?a µp????? ?a p??sd????st??? ta p?????ta p?? ?a
  pa?a?????
• ?a p??sd????st??? ?? d?at???µe??? p????
• ?a ?a????st??? st????
• .
• ?e ??a µ??t??? t?s? e?????t? ?s? t? star e??a?
  p??? d?s???? ?a e?e?????? ???? a?t?? ?? pa?????te?

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???a???? e????st?a? (Usability Engineering
Lifecycle Deborah Mayhew)
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????d?? ?a? e??a?e?a

• ?????s??
• ????????s??

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????d?? ?a? e??a?e?a

• Se ???e f?s? e??as?a? ? ?µ?da ?a p??pe? ?a
  ??????e? ?a ???s?µ?p??e? ta d??f??a e??a?e?a
  apa?a?t?ta ??a t?? ????????s? t??
• St?? a????s?
• ?e?????? ?ata??af?? ded?µ????
• ???t?µat?????a
• S??e?te??e??
• ?a?at???s?
• Focus groups
• Task analysis
• St? s?ed?as?
• ?e?????? ?a????sµ?? ?a?a?t???st???? t?? efa?µ????
• ?pe?????s? ?de?? (general outline, storyboard)
• St? pa?a????
• ???a?e?a ????sµ???? ??a t?? ??f??p???s?,
  pa?a????, epe?e??as?a, s????af?
• ????????s?
• ??????e? µe??d?????e? ap?t?µ?s?? ?a? a???????s??
  t?? ???s?? t?? efa?µ????

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?e?????? ?ata??af?? ded?µ????

• ???t?µat?????a
• Ge????? e??t?se??
• ?????t?? e??t?se??
• ???t?se?? ???µa?a?
• ??e?st?? e??t?se?? p????? ep??????
• ???t?se?? ßa?µ?????s?? ?at?ta???
• S??e?te??e??
• ?a?at???s?
• ?a?t? ?a? µ???ß?
• ??????f?s?
• ???te?s??p?s?
• ?ata??af? s?µß??t?? st?? ?/?
• S?µe??se?? ???st??
• Focus groups
• Task analysis

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Hierarchical task analysis

• ? ?e?a????? a????s? e?e??e??? e??p??ete? st??
  ?a????sµ? t?? ap??? e?e??e??? p?? s????t??? t?
  s????? µ?a? e??as?a?
• what people do to get things done
• (Preece, et al. 1994)
• ????? st?? p??sd????sµ? t?? ßas???? ???se??,
  de???t?t?? ?a? st?se?? (task, operations, plan)
• ?a tasks pe?????f??? t?? t??p? µe t?? ?p?
  ep?t?????eta? ? s??p?? ?a? ta operations e??a? ??
  ?e?t?????e? p?? e?te????ta? ??a t?? ep?te??? e???
  s??p??, ?a? ta plans p??sd???????? t?? se??? ?a?
  t?? s?????e? ?p? t?? ?p??e? e?te????ta? ??
  d??se?? (tasks ?a? subtasks)

Task is what the human has to do to accomplish a
goal
The human physically interacts with a device by
performing an action (operation)
Action is the task that involves no problem
solving or control structure component
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HTA Example

• Consider the library catalogue service, and the
  task of borrowing a book
• 0. In order to borrow a book from the library
• 1. Go to the library
• 2. Find the required book
• 2.1 Access the library catalog
• 2.2 Access the search screen
• 2.3 Enter search criteria
• 2.4 Identify required book
• 2.5 Note location
• 3. Go to correct shelf and retrieve book
• 4. Take book to checkout counter
• Plan 0 do 1-3-4 if book is not on the shelf
  expected, do 2-3-4
• Plan 2 do 2.1-2.4-2.5 if book not identified do
  2.2-2.3-2.4-2.5

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HTA Example

• Consider the library catalogue service, and the
  task of borrowing a book

0
Borrow a book from the library
Plan 0 do 1-3-4 If book isnt on the shelf
expected, do 2-3-4
1
2
3
4
go to the library
Find required book
Retrieve book from shelf
Take book to counter
Plan 2 do 2.1-2.4-2.5 If book not identified
from information available, do 2.2-2.3-2.4-2.5
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Access catalog
Access search screen
Enter search criteria
Identify book required
Note location .
A graphical representation of the task analysis
for borrowing a book
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??ß?????af?a e??t?ta?

• ??µ?t???d?? S.?., ??µp??t?? ?.S., ???a?taf?????
  ?.G., 2004. ?e???????a p???µ?s?? ?e???a ?a?
  p????, ??d?se?? ?????a, ISBN 960-418-025-8
  (?ef??a?? 9)
• Chapter 6 J., Preece, Y., Rogers H., Sharp
  (2002) Interaction Design, beyond human computer
  interaction, Wiley, 2002, ISBN 0471492787
• Chapter 17 18 J., Preece, Y. Rogers, H.
  Sharp, D. Benyon, S. Holland, T. Carey (1994)
  Human-Computer Interaction, Addison-Wesley, 1994,
  ISBN 0201627698