Class

1
8-18-2007
CS8421
(Lecture 1)
CS8421 Computing SystemsDr. Jose M. Garrido
Class Will Start Momentarily
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Course Description

• This is the first course in a foundation
  two-course sequence covering computing systems.
  The sequence will cover
• Computer architecture
• Computer organization
• Performance enhancements
• Operating systems
• Networking, and data communications.
•  

3
CS8421

• This first course (CS 8421) will focus on
  computer organization and architecture, and
  performance enhancements.
• Topics will include basic digital logic, assembly
  language, architecture layers, buses, memory
  organization, CPU design, RISC, cache, pipelines,
  parallel computing.
• An applied research project is part of the course
  requirements.

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Books and Reference Materials

• Computer Organization Architecture Designing
  for Performance. Seventh Edition, William
  Stallings, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-185644-8
• Additional sources for projects and/or research
  questions

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Course Purpose

• Course Objectives
• Introduction with depth of coverage, of computer
  organization and architecture
• Introduction to the architecture of a modern
  computer in terms of layers of machines
• Brief introduction to parallel computing
• Learning Outcomes As a result of completing this
  course, students will be able to
• Understand the general hardware structure of
  computer systems
• Understand how computer systems operate
• Understand differences between various types of
  computer systems
• Make informed comparative evaluations between
  computing systems.

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Class Schedule
Week Topic Chapters   1 Overview
Background Chap 12 2 Number Systems
Conversions   Appendix B 2-3 Overall Computer
System components and interconnection Chap
3 4-5 Digital Logic and Boolean
Algebra Appendix A 6 Cache Memory Chap
4 7 Internal Memory Chap 5 8 I/O Devices and
Access Chap 67 9 Review for
Midterm MIDTERM   9-10 Introduction to
Operating Systems Chap 8 11 Instruction Sets,
ALU operations Chap 10 Project
proposals 12 CPU Internal Structure Chap
12 13 RISC/CISC Pipelining Chap
13 14 Control Unit projects progress report
Chap 16 15 Parallel Computer
Architectures Chapter 18 Fall
Break 16 Project presentations  
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Class Format / Resources
 
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Special Dates 

• Holidays/No Class September 1 3 November 21
  25
• Last day to withdrawal without penalty October
  11
• Last day of class December 4
• Final Exam December 5
• Graduation December 7, 8

9
Course Evaluation

•  
• Midterm Exam 40
• Assignments 25
• Final Exam/Project 35

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Why Study Hardware Aspects?

• According to our needs, we need to know
• The effectiveness
• The efficiency
• of the computer systems.

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Effectiveness

• Do we have the right system to meet our overall
  goals now and in the (future) short/medium term?

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Efficiency

• Determine the various performance measures,
  according to the purpose of the computer system
• Response time
• CPU utilization
• Throughput
• Average wait time
• Find bottlenecks

13
Categories of Systems

• General purpose
• Special purpose

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A Distributed System
15
Distributed System

• A set of workstations are connected via a local
  area network (LAN) to a database server.
• Users at the workstations issue DB commands then
  wait for the results.
• Each user spends some time (think interval)
  elaborating a command at the workstation the
  workstation program sends the transaction to the
  server
• The server receives the transaction, carries out
  the processing, and sends results back to the
  appropriate workstation

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Workload and System Parameters

• Workload
• Number of workstations
• Average size of the transactions
• Average think period
• System parameters
• Speed of the network
• CPU speed
• Memory access time
• Disk speed
• Operating system and other hardware
  characteristics

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Performance Metrics

• The period or interval that elapses from the
  instant a user issues a command until the time
  he/she receives results is the response time.
• Number of transactions processed
• Server utilization
• Average wait time

18
Real-Time Systems

• Computer systems that
• Monitor
• Respond to (control)
• an external environment

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Environment

• The environment is connected to the computer
  system through
• Sensors
• Actuators
• Other I/O devices

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Real-Time System
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Real-Time Systems

• A reactive systems that maintains an on-going
  interaction with its environment, and with given
  time windows for its output
• Includes a combination of hardware and software
• There is a wide variety of RTS
• small embedded systems
• very large systems on WANs.

22
Embedded Systems

• A system that is part of another larger system
• Does not usually interact directly with humans
  users or operators
• Interfaces directly with sensors and actuators
• Very specialized to suit a specific purpose
• The software is usually implemented in firmware
• Usually a real-time system

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Timing Constraints

• A real-time system must meet various timing and
  other constraints imposed by the real-time
  behavior of the environment
• A real-time system is also called a reactive
  system because it must respond to or react to
  signals from the environment

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Real-Time Performance Metrics

• Reaction time
• Number of RT tasks that missed their deadlines
• Number of RT tasks that met their deadlines
• Response time
• Processor utilization

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Architecture of Real-Time Systems

• Hardware components
• used to interact with the environment
• consists of sensors and actuators
• Software components
• controls the actions of the hardware
• computations

26
Embedded Real Time System
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A Real-Time Embedded System
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Real-Time Applications and Examples

• Telecommunication systems
• Computer games
• Multimedia systems
• Household appliance monitoring control
• Building energy control

• Vehicle systems
• Traffic control
• Process control
• Medical systems
• Military RT systems
• Manufacturing Robots systems
• Security control

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Properties of Real-Time Systems

• Timeliness - the system must perform operations
  in timely manner
• Reactiveness - the system continuously responds
  to (random) events
• Concurrency - multiple simultaneous activities
  are carried out
• Distribution - tasks cooperate in multiple
  computing sites

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Timeliness Issues

• The goal is to reduce two specific intervals
• service time - the interval taken to compute a
  response to a given input
• latency - the interval between the time of
  occurrence of an input and the time at which it
  starts being serviced
• The sum of these two intervals represents the
  response time. This must be shorter than the
  deadline for this type of input.

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Architecture

• Architecture refers to the attributes visible to
  the programmer
• Instruction set
• Number of bits used for data representation
• I/O mechanisms
• Addressing techniques.
• Is there a multiply instruction?

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Organization

• Organization refers to how features are
  implemented
• Control signals
• Interfaces
• Memory technology.
• Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done
  by repeated addition?

33
Architecture Organization

• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
  architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
  architecture
• This gives code compatibility
• At least backwards
• Organization differs between different versions

34
Structure Function

• Structure is the way in which components relate
  to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
  components as part of the structure

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Computer Functions

• The computer functions are
• Data processing
• Data storage (memory)
• Data movement (I/O)
• Control

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Functional view
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Data movement
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Storage
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Processing from/to Storage
40
Processing from Storage to I/O
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Structure - Top Level
Computer
Peripherals
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Computer
Systems Interconnection
Input Output
Communication lines
42
Structure - The CPU
CPU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Computer
Registers
I/O
CPU
System Bus
Internal CPU Interconnection
Memory
Control Unit
43
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing Logic
ALU
Control Unit
Internal Bus
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
Registers
Control Memory
44
Computer Architecture Overview

• Components of a computer system
• CPU
• Main Memory
• Secondary Storage
• I/O Devices
• Bus
• Operating System

45
General System Structure