CELL PHYSIOLOGY

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CELL PHYSIOLOGY

• CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

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CELL ORGANELLES
Mitochondrion
Nucleus

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CELL ORGANELLES

• Cell Membrane
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi complex
• Mitochondria
• Lysosomes
• Microfilaments and microtubules
• Vesicles

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THE NUCLEUS

• Site of DNA (In chromosomes)
• Enclosed by a membrane

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DNA REPLICATION

• The double helix unzips
• New bases pair up with the old ones
• The molecule replicates itself
• Two identical copies each with one old strand and
  one new

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RNA TRANSCRIPTION

• Messenger RNA copies from DNA
• m-RNA caries the message to the rough ER

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Fluid filled membrane system
• Rough ER Protein Synthesis
• Smooth ER Synthesis of Lipids

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Rough ER Site of Protein Synthesis

• Rough ER contains ribosomes
• M-RNA attaches to ribosome
• A triplet of bases is a Codon
• Transfer RNA has an anticodon at one end and the
  appropriate amino acid at the other
• As the code is read, amino acids are assembled
  into a protein

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ER -gt Golgi -gt Secretion
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Exocytosis

• Vesicles fuse with the membrane
• They open to the outside and discharge their
  contents

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MITOCHONDRIA

• Extract Energy from Food Fuels
• Energy is stored in ATP
• Aerobic Metabolism

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Anaerobic Metabolism

• Sugar can be burned without oxygen -
  anaerobically
• Far more energy released from burning sugar
  aerobically
• Glycolysis is anaerobic-carried out in cytosol
• Glucose ----gt 3 Carbon fragments plus 2 ATP

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Aerobic Metabolism

• Pyruvic Acid (3 C fragment) enters Mitochondria
• Combines with Coenzyme A loosing a CO2 and
  becoming Acetyl Coenzyme A (2 C fragment)
• This fragment enters a cyclic reaction scheme,
  the Citric Acid Cycle
• Ultimately, 34 more ATPs are produced

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THE CYTOSKELETON

• Microtubules
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate Filaments
• Microtubular Lattice

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