Atoms and Bonds

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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter     1.
Elements
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter     1.
Elements are different forms of matter which
have different chemical and physical properties,
and can not be broken down further by chemical
reactions.
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter     1.
Elements are different forms of matter which have
different chemical and physical properties, and
can not be broken down further by chemical
reactions.     2. The smallest unit of an
element that retains the properties of that
element is an
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter     1.
Elements are different forms of matter which have
different chemical and physical properties, and
can not be broken down further by chemical
reactions.     2. The smallest unit of an
element that retains the properties of that
element is an ATOM.
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
Proton in nucleus mass 1, charge 1 -
Defines Element
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
Proton in nucleus mass 1, charge 1 -
Defines Element Neutron in nucleus mass 1,
charge 0
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
Proton in nucleus mass 1, charge 1 -
Defines Element Neutron in nucleus mass 1,
charge 0 Electron orbits nucleus mass 0,
charge -1
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles
Proton in nucleus mass 1, charge 1 -
Defines Element Neutron in nucleus mass 1,
charge 0 Electron orbits nucleus mass 0,
charge -1 Orbit at quantum distances
(shells) Shells 1, 2, and 3 have 1, 4, and 4
orbits (2 electrons each) Shells hold 2, 8, 8
electrons distance related to energy
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Neon (Bohr model)
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons
8
O
15.99
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)...
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)... If charge 0,
then you have an ...
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)... If charge 0,
then you have an ...ION
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)... If charge 0,
then you have an ...ION
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 1. Subatomic Particles 2.
Mass protons neutrons 3. Charge (
protons) - ( electrons)... If charge 0,
then you have an ...ION 4. Space Orbitals of
carbon atom are 10,000 x the width of the carbon
nucleus....
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes -
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Some are stable Some are
not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Some are stable Some are
not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron These
'radioisotopes' emit energy (radiation)
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Some are stable Some are
not... they 'decay' - lose the neutron These
'radioisotopes' emit energy (radiation) This
process is not affected by environmental
conditions and is constant so if we know the
amount of parent and daughter isotope, and we
know the decay rate, we can calculate the time it
has taken for this much daughter isotope to be
produced.
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Gamma decay -   neutron
emits energy as a photon - no change in neutron
number, mass, or element.            
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Gamma decay -   neutron
emits energy as a photon - no change in neutron
number, mass, or element.             Alpha
decay - loss of an alpha particle  (2 protons and
2 neutrons) from the nucleus.  This changes the
mass and element. (Uranium with 92 protons
decays to Thorium with 90 protons)         
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms A. Matter B.
Properties of Atoms 5. Isotopes - 'extra'
neutrons... heavier Gamma decay -   neutron
emits energy as a photon - no change in neutron
number, mass, or element.             Alpha
decay - loss of an alpha particle  (2 protons and
2 neutrons) from the nucleus.  This changes the
mass and element. (Uranium with 92 protons
decays to Thorium with 90 protons)            
Beta decay - a neutron changes to a proton, and
an electron is emitted. This changes only the
element (determined by the number of protons.),
but not the mass. (C14 decays, neutron changes
to proton, and N14 is produced)
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- K40-Ar40  decay rate (1/2 life) 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?)
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- K40-Ar40  decay rate (1/2 life) 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms
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- K40-Ar40  decay rate (1/2 life) 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109)
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- K40-Ar40  decay rate (1/2 life) 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109) - So,
divide 3.0 x 1023  by 1.3 x 109 2.3 X 1014
atoms/year.
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- K40-Ar40  decay rate (1/2 life) 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109) - So,
divide 3.0 x 1023  by 1.3 x 109 2.3 X 1014
atoms/year. - Divide 2.3 x 1014 by 3.65 x 102
days per year 0.62 x 1012 /day
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- K40-Ar40  decay rate (1/2 life) 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109) - So,
divide 3.0 x 1023  by 1.3 x 109 2.3 X 1014
atoms/year. - Divide 2.3 x 1014 by 3.65 x 102
days per year 0.62 x 1012 /day - Divide 6.2 x
1011 by 246060 8.64 x 104)
                  
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- K40-Ar40  decay rate (1/2 life) 1.3by
                (Now, you may be thinking, "be
real"! How can we measure something that is this
slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K)
contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms - So, For 1/2 of
them to change, that would be 3.0 x 1023
atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 109) - So,
divide 3.0 x 1023  by 1.3 x 109 2.3 X 1014
atoms/year. - Divide 2.3 x 1014 by 3.65 x 102
days per year 0.62 x 1012 /day - Divide 6.2 x
1011 by 246060 8.64 x 104)
                   0.7 x 107 7 x 106 7
million atoms changing from Potassium to Argon
every second!!!                  This radiation
is detectible and measureable...and when it has
been measured over the last 100 years, it is
always the same.  So, not only is there
theoretical justification for expecting a
constant decay rate, tests have confirmed this
expectation. It is unaffected by any known
physical change in the environment... freeze it,
heat it, pressurize it... no change in the rate
of decay.
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A. Molecules
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules     1. atoms chemically react with one
another and form molecules - the atoms are
"bound" to one another by chemical bonds -
interactions among electrons or charged
particles.
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules     1. atoms chemically react with one
another and form molecules - the atoms are
"bound" to one another by chemical bonds -
interactions among electrons or charged
particles.     2. Bonds form because atoms
attain a more stable energy state if their
outermost shell is full. It can do this by
loosing, gaining, or sharing electrons.  This is
often called the 'octet rule' because the 2nd and
3rd shells can contain 8 electrons.
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared
Shared evenly non-polar covalent bond
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are shared
shared unevenly polar covalent bond
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are
shared C. Ionic Bond
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are
shared C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron
and attraction between ions
Na
Cl
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are
shared C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron
and attraction between ions D. Hydrogen Bonds -
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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds A.
Molecules B. Covalent Bonds - atoms are
shared C. Ionic Bond - transfer of electron
and attraction between ions D. Hydrogen Bonds
- weak attraction between partially charged
hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negative
region of another molecule
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D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between
partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule
and a negative region of another molecule
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D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between
partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule
and a negative region of another molecule
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D. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between
partially charged hydrogen atom in one molecule
and a negative region of another molecule