Rural Transportation Planning

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Rural Transportation Planning Development - A
Case Study of PMGSY

• Dr. B.P. Chandrasekhar
• Director (Technical)
• National Rural Roads Development Agency
• Ministry of Rural Development,
• Government of India.

PRESENTED BY Prof. P. K. Sikdar Director, ICT
Pvt. Ltd. AP2005 Conference, 9-11 August 2005
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Historical Status of Rural Roads in India.

• India has a Rural Road Network of about 2.70
  Million km with Rs.35,000 Crore investment (Rs.
  180,000 Crore of replacement value). 1 Crore 10
  Million
• Constitutes over 80 of Total Road Network.
• More than 10,00,000 Km are tracks and roads not
  meeting Technical Standard.
• Rural Roads Sector suffered from lack of
  systematic Planning, Quality and Sustained
  Maintenance.
• It was a Myth that Rural Roads do not require
  Planning/ Design/ Quality Assurance.
• More than 45 of the Habitations still to have
  All-Weather Road connectivity at the beginning of
  PMGSY Programme.

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Problems with Rural Roads Development in India

• Rural Roads Sector suffered from lack of
  systematic Planning.
• Decisions on construction were adhoc and not
  need based.
• Multiple agencies involved in the development of
  Rural Roads.
• Technical standards and quality assurance was
  lacking.
• Concentrated more on employment generation.

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• Development Potential of Rural Roads

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Impacts of Rural Roads on Agriculture

• Rural roads stimulates agriculture activity in
  myriad ways -
• - Transportation of inputs like chemical
  fertilizer is easier.
• - Companies find it easier to market improved
  seeds, pesticide, weedicides etc.
• - Agricultural machinery becomes available for
  agricultural operations
• - Technical services are readily available on
  agricultural and veterinary matters.
• Agricultural produce can be transported quickly
  and economically to market centres, reducing
  wastage and spoilage and fetching better prices.
• Assured of all-weather access to his village, a
  farmer can plan value addition to his operations
  including
• - Land development
• - Irrigation
• - Multiple cropping
• - Switch over to more remunerative crops like
  fruits and vegetables.
• - Improving breed of cattle

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Impacts of Rural Roads on Employment

• Rural connectivity provides both ingress and
  egress of resources and has multiple impact on
  employment opportunities.
• New employment opportunities arise due to ingress
  of better agricultural inputs since agricultural
  tempo picks up, increasing on-farm and off-farm
  employment potential.
• Of minor forest produce or other raw material for
  cottage and local industries.
• Larger catchment area for milk and other items.
• New techniques and improved rural technologies
  come into newly connected villages creating
  additional opportunities.
• Improved machines for small-scale and village
  industries are brought in to reduce cost of
  production and improve competitiveness
• New Employment opportunities also arise because
  rural roads permit outward movement particularly
  to market centres and thus -
• Help create jobs in agricultural markets
• Increase supply for cottage and village
  industries.
• Increase range of market for milk and dairy
  products.
• Enables economic transportation of good produced
  by local units increasing competitiveness
• Allows for daily commutation of surplus labour to
  nearby market centres to find work..

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Impact of Rural Roads on Socio Economic Services

• Newly connected villages have assured access to
  better social infrastructure- Schools, health
  facilities, banks, post office, polling centres,
  bus stops, markets etc.
• Rural roads enable better Social infrastructure
  investments in improving quality of existing
  rural social infrastructure as well as
  rationalizing on its expansion.
• Road connectivity improve programme outreach of
  mobile social services particularly health,
  policing etc.
• Road connectivity improve maintenance levels of
  infrastructural services- telephones,
  electricity, water supply etc.
• Rural roads, because of their multi-dimensional
  effect, have the highest positive impact on the
  rural poor in terms of employment opportunities
  and sustained income generation.
• Tribal and other socially disadvantaged sections
  are able to join the mainstream as a result of
  assured connectivity.
• Rural roads by increasing mobility, empower the
  disadvantaged, including women who earlier found
  educational, health and employment opportunity
  limited by safe transportation constraints.

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Impact of Rural Roads on General Area Development

• Rural road provides access not merely to
  villages, but to an entire rural hinterland. In
  addition to the human resources, material
  resources including forest produce, and mineral
  wealth can be developed for the economic growth
  of the area.
• If Area Development is planned along with the
  road connectivity programme, it enables
• - Better targeting of Government/individual
  oriented development programmes.
• - Optimal siting of infrastructural facilities.
• - Planned growth of market centres and common
  facilities.
• - Planning and regulation of Public and
  Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) services.

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PMGSY

• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

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PMGSY - A Central Intervention in the State
Sector

• Rural Roads is a State subject and also a
  Panchayat subject
• Central Govt. funding of PMGSY - an important
  element of a poverty reduction strategy
• Full executional responsibility of State
  Governments retained in PMGSY
• Panchayati Raj Institutions involved in network
  planning and road works selection under PMGSY

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Objectives and Targets of PMGSY

• To provide farm to market All-Weather
  connectivity for all the habitations of 500 and
  above population (250 and above in case of Hill
  States, Desert and Tribal Areas)
• Network Augmentation and Modernization, both have
  been provided in the programme.
• New Connectivity being provided to about
• - 60,000 Habitations of 1000 population
• - 81,000 Habitations of 500 population
• - 29,000 Habitations of 250 population.
• Upgradation of about 3,70,000 km Rural Roads at a
  cost of Rs.53,000 Crore..
• Total cost of New Connectivity is about Rs.
  79,000 Crore.
• Total envisaged cost of the project is about
  Rs.1,32,000 Crore

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Key Definitions

• Habitation
• Connectivity
• Cluster
• District Rural Roads Plan
• Core Network
• Through Route
• Link Route
• Major Rural Link
• Upgradation
• All Weather Road
• Fair Weather Roads

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Systematic Planning

• Inventory of existing rural roads network.
• District Rural Road Plan (DRRP) and Core Network
  (CN) prepared identifying eligible habitations
  and new links required.
• Panchayats involved in the exercise, District
  Panchayats finally approve Core Network.
• DRRP is being used for prioritising
  new/upgradation links and maintenance using PCI.

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GUMLA DISTRICT
CHHATISGARH STATE
WEST SINGHBUM DISTRICT
SIMDEGA BLOCK
KOLEBIRA
BANO
KURDEG
THETAINGER
JALDEGA
BOLBA
ORISSA STATE
SIMDEGA DISTRICT
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Simdega Block
Typical Component of DRRP Map
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Core Network
Simdega Block
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Core Network Map of Simdega District
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Stakeholders Participation

• Stakeholder Govt Deptts included in State Level
  Committee to facilitate works and ensure
  convergence of development programmes
• Distt Panchayats approve Core Network and Annual
  Proposals
• Local Panchayats participation in Transect Walk
  for DPR (to resolve social and environmental
  issues)
• Local Panchayat involvement in road safety
  programmes
• Role envisaged for Distt Panchayat in maintenance

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Selection of Annual Sub Projects

• All Road works shall be out of Core Network.
• District Panchayats make annual proposals.
• Proposals finalized through consultative process
  involving lower level Panchayats/Institutions and
  elected representatives.
• State Level Standing Committee approves the
  projects for the State as a whole.

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Institutional Arrangements.

• National Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA)
  set up at Central level for operational
  management
• Inter-Departmental State Level Standing Committee
  coordinates policies
• State level Rural Road Development Agencies
  (SRRDA) set up in all States to coordinate rural
  roads management.
• Funds released to centralized single account of
  SRRDA and directly operated by all PIUs
• SRRDAs designate the following dedicated
  officers-
• - Empowered officer
• - State Quality Control Coordinator (SQC)
• - Financial Controller
• - IT Nodal officer.

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Sectoral Initiatives

• District Rural Roads Plan and Core Network
  operationalised.
• Rural Roads Manual (IRCSP20-2002) published by
  Indian Roads Congress.
• Standard Bidding Document developed for
  transparent contracting of construction along
  with 5-year maintenance.
• Book of Specifications and Standard Data Book
  developed for the rural road sector.
• Maintenance policy developed enabling 5-year
  contracted maintenance for all PMGSY roads with
  additional 5-year batch maintenance of PMGSY
  Through Routes.
• Quality consciousness developed to ensure PMGSY
  roads conform to high standards. 3-tier Quality
  Management System enforced.
• Computerised Online Management and Monitoring
  System (OMMS) operationalized with full
  information available at http//omms.nic.in.
  Complete access at citizen interface.

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Monitoring of the Projects

• Monitoring done through Online Management
  Monitoring System (OMMS) which is web-based
  software created by C-DAC and hosted by NIC.
• Data entry done by PIUs in respect of
• - Proposals
• - Tendering Contracting
• - Physical and Financial Progress of works
• - Receipts Payments
• - Quality Monitoring
• Value addition to data made by STAs, SRRDA and
  NRRDA at all transactional points.
• Monitoring is fully transparent and all
  information is freely available to citizens at
  http//omms.nic.in
• In addition, Regional Review Meetings organized
  regularly where systemic and capacity issues
  discussed.

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Quality Assurance

• DPR Preparation based on full scale
  investigations and surveys.
• Third party (State Technical Agencies) for
  scrutiny of DPRs
• Quality Control Handbook and Quality Control
  Registers for each roadwork.
• All mandatory tests with defined frequency as per
  RRM IRC SP202002.
• Exposure of Engineers to current practices in
  India and abroad.
• Training of PIUs, Contractor Personnel and
  Technicians at reputed institutions.
• On-Site Guidance to PIUs by NQMs and NRRDA.

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Quality Control Arrangements

• Three tier Quality Control System enforced
  through Quality Control Handbook.
• PIU at first tier enforces quality at site
  through tests and checking of Quality Control
  Register maintained by Contractor. Contractor to
  maintain Site Laboratory.
• State Quality Coordinator (SQC) in SRRDA
  coordinates the working of second tier called
  State Quality Monitors (SQM). SQMs are under
  State Government but independent of PIU
  organisation.
• National Quality Monitors (NQMs) deputed by NRRDA
  to review contract management and quality control
  by PIU and working of SQM system.

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Maintenance Management

• In case of link routes (new construction) the
  component shall comprise of 5 year routine
  maintenance.
• In case of Through Routes taken up, 5 year
  routine maintenance and a renewal at the end of
  the period. Second 5 year Zonal Maintenance for
  Through Routes at the end of first 5 year period.
• The maintenance component will be contracted out
  along with the new construction / Upgradation, to
  the same contractor.
• In respect of Hill roads, if construction is in 2
  stages, the initial 5-year maintenance
  contracting will be done at the time of
  contracting the work for the 2nd stage. Interim
  maintenance, clearance of slips etc., in the
  period between the 1st and 2nd stage may be done
  departmentally.
• State Governments will take steps to build up
  capacity in the District Panchayat and shall
  endeavor to devolve the funds and functionaries
  for enabling them to manage Zonal maintenance
  contracts.

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Environmental and Social Considerations

• Reduce adverse environmental impacts by
  addressing issues of -
• - Soil erosion
• - Impediments to natural drainage
• - Disturbance to flora fauna
• - Surface water quality
• - Aesthetics, particularly hill slopes.
• Reduce adverse impacts on
• - Agricultural operations
• - Irrigation systems
• - Cattle crossings
• - Public safety due to vehicular movement.

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ACHIEVEMENTS OF PMGSY

• Over 37,000 habitations connected
• 1,04,000 km roads cleared 62,000 km of all
  weather roads completed
• In 13 states all habitations of population of
  1000 covered. Planned for 6 more states till
  2004-05 (to be confirmed)
• Proposals for Rs.15,000 crores cleared Rs.9,000
  crores released
• Over 5215 Engineers trained under Technical
  Assistance Programme

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PMGSY
A Symbol for Quality and Sustainability
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Thank You