Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy.

1
Chapter 3

• Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy.

2
Science and the Scientific Method

• Science Assume that events in the natural world
  follow patterns and through observation and
  experimentation, the patterns can be understood.
• Scientists follow the scientific method.
• Ask questions
• Form hypotheses
• Experiment and collect data
• Develop theories, models, and laws to explain
  nature

3
Scientific Theory vs. Scientific Law

• Scientific Theory verified, believable, widely
  accepted, frequently tested explanation or
  hypothesis about natural phenomena
• This is the best and most reliable knowledge we
  have about how nature works.
• Scientific Law a description of what happens in
  nature over and over again in the same way.

4
Variables in the Scientific Method

• Controlled Experiment used to isolate and study
  the effects of a single variable
• Single Variable Analysis Two groups are created
  - an experimental group and a control group - to
  analyze the effects of a changed variable.
• Multivariable Analysis Uses mathematical models
  to analyze the interactions of many variables.

5
Inductive Vs. Deductive Reasoning

• Inductive - using specific observations and
  measurements to arrive at a general conclusion or
  hypothesis
• Deductive - involves logic based on a
  generalization or premise to arrive at a specific
  conclusion
• Scientists also use their imagination!

6
Frontier Science Vs. Consensus Science

• Frontier Science - science that has not been
  widely tested and accepted
• Consensus Science - consists of data, theories,
  and laws that expert scientists widely accept.

7
Systems in Science

• System a set of components that function and
  interact in some regular and predictable matter
  and components can be isolated for the purposes
  of observation and study
• Inputs - information into the system
• Flows - information in the system
• Stores - where information is accumulated
• Outputs - where information leaves the system.

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Feedback Loops

• Feedback Loops - when the output of information
  is fed back into a system as a new input that
  changes that system
• Positive Feedback Loop - where the current system
  is affected by the change in the same direction
• Negative Feedback Loop - where the current system
  is affected by the change in the opposite
  direction (lessens the change)

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Synergistic Interaction and Synergy

• Synergistic Interaction - occurs when two or more
  process interact so the combined effect is
  greater than the sum of their separate effects.
• Law of Conservation of Problems - the
  technological solution of one problem usually
  creates on or more new problems because nature
  systems are connected.

10
Chemistry Review -- Woo hoo!

• Matter
• Elements
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons
• Periodic Table Basics

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Organic and Inorganic Compounds

• Hydrocarbons compounds of carbon and hydrogen
  atoms.
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons compounds of carbon,
  hydrogen, and chlorine
• Simple Carbohydratesspecific types of compounds
  of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Polymers larger and more complex organic
  molecules which have molecular units linked by
  chemical bonds.
• Inorganic Compounds without the combination of
  carbon atoms.

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The Four States of Matter

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma - high-energy mixture of positively
  charged ions and negatively charged ions.

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The Quality of Matter

• High Quality - highly concentrated with potential
  for usefulness found near the Earths surface
• Low Quality - dilute and found deep underground
  and/or dispersed in air or water.
• Material Efficiency/ Resource Productivity - the
  total amount of material needed to produce a unit
  of good/services.

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Energy

• The capacity to do work and transfer heat
• Kinetic energy - has mass and speed
• Potential energy - stored energy
• Electromagnetic radiation - energy that travels
  as a wave creating electric and magnetic fields
• Heat the total kinetic energy of all moving
  atoms, ions, or molecules in a substance
• Transferred by conduction, convection, and
  radiation
• Temperature is the average speed of the motion of
  the atoms in a sample of matter.

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The Law of Conservation of Matter

• Physical change chemical composition is not
  changed
• Chemical change changes the composition
• Law of Conservation of Matter no atoms are
  created or destroyed during a physical or
  chemical change

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Nuclear Changes

• Matter can undergo a change called a nuclear
  change.
• Radioactive decay - the time needed for one-half
  of a nuclei of a given quantity to form a
  different isotope
• Nuclear Fission - when nuclei of certain isotopes
  with large mass numbers are split apart into
  lighter nuclei by neutrons
• Used to produce high-pressure steam for
  electricity
• Nuclear Fusion - occurs at high temperatures and
  involves the fusion of two isotopes of light
  element

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Energy Laws

• 1st Law of Thermodynamics Energy cant be
  created or destroyed, but can be coverted from
  one form to another.
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics When energy is changed
  from one form to another, energy is lost.

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Connection Between Matter Environmental Problems

• Using resources adds waste matter to the
  environment
• Advanced, industrialized countries have high
  waste economies.
• Reducing, recycling, and reusing more of Earths
  matter resources slows (but does not eliminate)
  depletion of nonrenewable resources and reduced
  environmental impact
• Shifting to a more sustainable, low-waste economy
  is the best solution for wasting less matter ---
  Reduce your ecological footprint!