Atherosclerosis article

1
Class Topics
Title Anat Phys 4/23/07
Objectives

• .

• Atherosclerosis article
• Notes hemostasis
• Test Review
• Dissection
• Metabolism
• Habit is either the best of servants or the worst
  of masters.
• Nathaniel Emmons

Sunday, October 25, 2020 812 PM
2
Class Assignments
By When
What

• Atherosclerosis article W.S. 4/23/07
• Cardiovascular System Test 4/27/07
• Due this class period
• Due next class period
• Due in the future

3
Blood movement

• Trace the blood from the heart to the right ulna
  and back to the heart.
• Trace the blood from the heart to the heart
  muscle back to the heart.
• Trace the blood from the heart to the stomach and
  back to the heart.

4
Hemostasis

• Stopping blood flow
• usually occurs when damage is done to blood
  vessel wall
• Three step process
• 1. Blood vessel spasm
• 2. Platelet plug
• 3. Coagulation
• Useful in smaller vessels

5
Hemostasis
Alex Zanardi

• Stopping blood flow
• usually occurs when damage is done to blood
  vessel wall
• Three step process
• 1. Blood vessel spasm
• 2. Platelet plug
• 3. Coagulation
• Useful in smaller vessels

6
1. Blood vessel spasm

• Damage to the vessel wall
• stimulates smooth muscle to contract
• Can last for 30 minutes
• in some cases this can complete close a blood
  vessel
• Spasm can be prolonged by the release of
  serotonin by thrombocytes

7
2. Platelet plug
From http//ntri.tamuk.edu/homepage-ntri/lectures/
clotting.html

• Arrive on the scene
• increase in size and change shape
• surface become sticky
• allows them to adhere to collagen in blood vessel
  walls
• also allows them to adhere to each other
• Eventually forms a large clump
• platelet plug (fig 12-11)

8
From http//www.people.virginia.edu/dp5m/phys_30
4/figures/blood_clot.jpg
9
Blood Coagulation

• Fibrinogen converts into fibrin
• stimulated by release of thromboplastin from
  damaged vessels and thrombocytes
• Fibrin form a netting over platelets and other
  formed elements
• blood clot
• blood leakage is stopped
• Repair begins

10
From http//web.vet.cornell.edu/public /popmed/cl
inpath/CPmodules/coags/primim.htm
11
(No Transcript)
12
Test Review

• All notes in red are fair game for the test next
  class period.

13
Heart coverings figure 13-2

• Pericardium
• parietal pericardium - outer layer
• visceral pericardium - inner layer, AKA
  epicardium
• Fluid in between - pericardial cavity
• acts as a lubricant
• very serious problems if not present

14
Heart Wall

• Three layers
• epicardium - same as the visceral pericardium
• can contain fat deposits
• myocardium - muscle of the heart
• cardiac muscle
• endocardium - squamous cells over connective
  tissue

15
Ventricles

• Muscular chambers
• thick layer of myocardium
• left wall is thickest
• trabeculae carnea connect to papillary muscles
• attach to valves

16
Valves

• Tricuspid valve
• between rt. atrium ventricle
• Pulmonary semilunar valve
• between rt. ventricle pulmonary trunk
• Mitral valve (bicuspid)
• between left atrium ventricle
• Aortic semilunar valve
• between left ventricle aorta

17
Blood flow

• Deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the
  inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, and the
  coronary sinus
• From rt atrium to rt ventricle through the
  tricuspid valve
• From rt ventricle to pulmonary trunk through the
  pulmonary semilunar valve

18
Blood flow

• From the pulmonary trunk to the rt and left
  pulmonary arteries to the lungs
• Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs in the
  pulmonary veins to the left atrium
• From the left atrium to the left ventricle
  through the bicuspid valve

19
Blood flow

• From the left ventricle to the aorta through the
  aortic semilunar valve
• From the aorta to the rest of the body
• Back to the right atrium through the inferior
  vena cava, superior vena cava, and coronary sinus

20
Fetal Heart
Handout Heart and Fetal Heart

• Differs from newborn (and adult) heart
• Fetus receives oxygen from umbilical cord
• Oxygenated blood enters heart from inferior vena
  cava.
• Lungs can be bypassed

21
Fetal Heart

• Foramen ovale
• hole between the right and left atrium
• Ductus arteriosus
• blood vessel between the pulmonary trunk and
  aorta
• Both of the above close when the first breath is
  taken
• change of pressure

22
Heart Physiology

• Each beat is stimulated by an area in the right
  atrium near the superior vena cava called the
  Sinoatrial Node (SA Node).
• SA Node is innervated by the autonomic nervous
  system
• Pacemaker of the heart
• Stimulates both atria to contract

23
Heart Physiology

• SA Nodes sends impulse to the AV
  (atrioventricular) Node.
• Located in the interatrial septum
• Holds impulse for a short time (milliseconds) and
  passes electical impulse to AV Bundle (Bundles of
  His)
• AV Bundles passes impulse to Purkinje fibers
  which stimulates the ventricles to contract

24
Branches of the Aorta

• Ascending aorta
• Coronary arteries
• supply blood to the heart
• blockage can lead to myocardial infarction
• Arch of the Aorta
• Brachiocephalic artery
• left common carotid artery
• Left subclavian artery

25
Branches of the Aorta

• Descending Aorta
• intercostal arteries
• celiac artery
• superior mesenteric artery
• suprarenal arteries
• renal arteries
• gonadal arteries
• inferior mesenteric artery
• common iliac arteries

26
Celiac Artery

• Branches into
• Gastric artery
• Hepatic artery
• Splenic artery
• Pancreatic artery

27
Brachiocephalic

• Right common carotid artery
• External carotid artery - scalp, face, jaw
• internal carotid artery - brain
• Right subclavian artery
• Vertebral artery (branch)
• Axillary artery
• Brachial artery
• Radial artery
• Ulnar artery

28
Left Common Carotid and Left Subclavian

• Same branching as right side
• No brachiocephalic

29
Superior vena cava

• Right and left brachiocephalic veins
• subclavian veins
• Axillary veins
• Brachial veins
• Ulnar veins
• Radial veins
• jugular veins
• interior jugular vein
• exterior jugular vein

30
Inferior vena cava

• Hepatic vein
• Renal veins
• Common Iliac veins
• Gonadal veins (rt enters the CI, but left enters
  the renal vein)
• Internal iliac veins

31
Hepatic Portal System

• Blood from the small intestines, large
  intestines, stomach all enter the portal system
• inferior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric
  vein and gastric vein enter the hepatic portal
  vein to the liver

32
Blood movement

• Trace the blood from the heart to the right ulna
  and back to the heart.
• Trace the blood from the heart to the heart
  muscle and back to the heart.
• Trace the blood from the heart to the stomach and
  back to the heart.

33
Plasma Proteins

• Albumins -
• thicken the blood, used to maintain osmotic
  pressure
• Globulins
• gamma globulins
• antibodies
• Fibrinogen - precursor to fibrin
• major role in blood clotting

34
Erythrocytes

• Production stimulated by erythropoetin (hormone
  regulated by kidneys and liver)
• Negative feedback (fig 12-8)
• Recycling
• hemoglobin is broken into biliverdin and
  bilirubin in the liver and used in bile
• Iron in hemoglobin is recycled to be used again

35
Leukocytes

• 1 of blood volume
• Contain a nucleus
• Ability to leave cardiovascular system
• Diapedesis
• Function
• protect the body from disease
• phagocytic
• collection of leukocytes - pus

36
1. Blood vessel spasm

• Damage to the vessel wall
• stimulates smooth muscle to contract
• Can last for 30 minutes
• in some cases this can complete close a blood
  vessel
• Spasm can be prolonged by the release of
  serotonin by thrombocytes

37
2. Platelet plug
From http//ntri.tamuk.edu/homepage-ntri/lectures/
clotting.html

• Arrive on the scene
• increase in size and change shape
• surface become sticky
• allows them to adhere to collagen in blood vessel
  walls
• also allows them to adhere to each other
• Eventually forms a large clump
• platelet plug (fig 12-11)

38
Blood Coagulation

• Fibrinogen converts into fibrin
• stimulated by release of thromboplastin from
  damaged vessels and thrombocytes
• Fibrin form a netting over platelets and other
  formed elements
• blood clot
• blood leakage is stopped
• Repair begins