The Romans

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The Romans

• Republic Influence to 14AD
• Empire Augustus to Aurelius
• Decline 200AD 476AD

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Geography

• Alps Isolation
• Protection, passes
• Fertile valleys
• Farming communities
• Tiber River, ford
• Trade route, not far from the sea

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Cultural Influencers

• Etruscans
• Alphabet Greek
• Engineering, arch
• Agriculture, drain marshes

• Greeks
• Religion gods
• Architecture
• Used them as tutors education/knowledge

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Etruscans
Greeks
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Republic to Empire

• Legendary beginnings Troy
• 509BC overthrow Etruscans - central
• Greek influence Southern tip
• Republic Voters (male citizens) elect officials
  who run the state

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Mythical Beginnings Aeneid
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Government Offices

• Republic Representative type of government
  male citizens limits power choose leaders
• Patricians (hereditary birth)Nobles, land
  owners, office holders controlled the Senate
• Dictator Six months for emergencies

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Cincinnatus
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Magistrates Elected leaders

• Consuls Two elected, administrators, imperium
  (right to command army), veto
• Praetors Legal system, interpret laws, judges
• Censors Registrars, moralscensus

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Plebeians Tribes (Tribunes)

• Farmers, workers,
• Artisans
• Merchants
• could vote/veto

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Plebeians their fight for the right to

• Join army (were part of the militia)
• Hold public office
• Own assembly
• Elect tribunes

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Lasting Legacy US Constitution

• Senate
• Veto
• limited government
• Checks and balance system

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Roman Legions
4,500 6,000 Soldiers per legion
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Space, movement, discipline
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Roman Auxilia foreigners, non-citizens
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Why join the Army?

• Duty, obligation, honor initially only
  patricians then plebeians needed
• Small stipend payment supplies
• Spoils of war
• Retirement land in the provinces

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Roman Empire Italy, Mediterranean and beyond
Rhine and Danube Rivers
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Carthage founded by Phoenicians (Lebanon)
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Punic Wars Mid 200s 100sBC

• Carthage West Mediterranean Sea Spain
• Hannibal Unsuccessful 16 yrs
• in Italy, battle elephants over
• the Alps
• Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal
• Soldiers settled in Spain Castille Region

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Roman Empire

• Imperialism policy to control/dominate foreign
  land and people
• Mar Nostrum
• Mediterranean
• Sea

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The Equites the new wealthy class

• Business and landowners made great profit from
  trade and off the new large estates
• Gap between rich and poor increases

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Problems with Expansion

• latifundias large estates w/ slaves drive down
  the cost
• Rome became dependent upon cheap imported wheat
• Farmers sold out and moved to Rome
• Some governors took bribes and treated subjects
  harshly
• Tax collectors squeezed money (over charged)

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Birth of the Empire

• Gracchi brothers land reform, low grain prices
  (subsidized)
• What do you do with the poor?

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Roman Dictators Military Generals

• Marius and Sulla Generals whose volunteer
  soldiers became more loyal to them than Rome
• Successful in war over the empires expansion
  returned to Rome as consul and dictator

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Julius Caesar 100BC 44BC

• Educated
• Orator
• Affable
• Literate
• Shrewd
• Ambitious
• military

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Caesars Reforms

• Public Works Urban poor to work
• Granted citizenship to more people
• Adopted Egyptian Calendar Julian 1400s
• Granted land to soldiers in the provinces

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Caesar Rules
Ambitious popular

• First Triumvirate
• Gaul
• Rubicon
• Dictator
• Colonization
• Cleopatra and calendar
• Et tu Brute?
• Marc Antony

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Octavian Caesar expanded empire

• Princeps Civitates
• Pontifex Maximus
• Tribunicia potestas
• Imperator
• Dictator
• Senator
• Consul
• handout

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Pax Romana Trade and prosperity

• Five Good Emperors fortifications Hadrians
  Wall separates England from Scotland
• Expansion Rhine Danube, Great Britain
• International Industry
• Literary Flowering Virgil, Livy, Horace,
• Masses Bread, wine, games, chariot races

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Roman Empire 120CE
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Roman Society Culture

• Imported goods
• Ivory, spices, silk luxury items
• Army primary job
• maintain peace, guard the frontiers crush
  rebellions
• Along the camps
• towns and cities

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Roman Engineering

• Mosaic Chipped, stone, glass, etc into beautiful
  designs on floors - walls
• Concrete Used on buildings and fortifications
• Roads Pavement on layers crushed stone (60,000
  miles), arch bridges , dams, aqueducts fresh
  water and piped to homes and baths hot, cold
  water
• Architecture Romanesque Neoclassical
  Columns, domes federal, government buildings

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Circus Maximus
Colosseum
Via Appia
Roman Bath in Bath England
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Arch to Titus
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SegovIa
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Law Legacy

• Roman law Twelve tablets earliest code leads
  to Civil Law - blended with Foreign Law
• Law applied to all territories, hired able
  leaders, and changed laws as needed
• Legacy innocent until proven guilty, offer a
  defense judged fairly though still class
  distinction not all treated the same

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Roman Culture

• Latin is the root language French, Italian,
  Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian
• Entertainment Theater, mimes, jugglers, dances,
  acrobats, clowns, and brutal sports gladiators,
  chariot races

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Roman Society

• Veteran soldiers promised citizenship and land
  along the frontiers
• Men patriarchal, property (mans name) and
  religious services
• Women household, food, entertain

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The Next Slide pertain to Christianity and the
Fall of Rome
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Roman Culture

• School
• reading, writing, arithmetic, music
• Aqueducts
• water carriers (arch)
• Virgil Poet
• epic poem The Aeneid Trojan Prince and the
  founding of Rome
• Romance languages
• Italy, France, Portugal, Spain and Romania

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Judea, Palestine Rome

• East Mediterranean Hebrews
• Who were the Zealots?
• Zealots Religious nationalist movement rebel
  against Roman rule
• Jewish revolt crushed by Roman legion
• 66 70 AD Temple destroyed
• Diaspora Jews scattered in Mediterranean area
• Rabbis keep the congregations alive, interpret
  scripture (Torah)

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Masada Defense

• 1,000 or so defenders
• Earthen ramp built over 9 months
• Last area to fall in 73 AD
• Committed suicide

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Masada
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Rise of Christianity

• Who Jesus of Nazareth
• Where Gospels
• primary documents
• Mattthew, Luke, Mark John
• Why Messiah Christos
• New Covenant - redemption
• Miracles healings
• Resurrection
• Leader earth or spiritual world?

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Christianity The Appeal Why popular

• Simple message Sermon on the Mount
• open to all, every soul worth
• Hope for a better life immortality next life
• Community belongingness, shared values, ritual

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Paul and Martyrs

• Martyrs Those who died for their beliefs, faced
  persecution - death
• Paul Conversion, letters of explanation
  (epistles), missionary to the East Med world,
  pockets of Jews
• Bishop Christian leader especially in Rome,
  Antioch, Jerusalem, Constantinople, and Alexandria

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Travels of Paul as Missionary
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Christianity Persecution

• Nero Most infamous

they were additionally made into sports they
were killed by dogs by having the hides of beasts
attached to them, or they were nailed to crosses
or set aflame, and, when the daylight passed
away, they were used as nighttime lamps. Nero
gave his own gardens for this spectacle and
performed a Circus game, in the habit of a
charioteer mixing with the plebs or driving about
the race-course Tacitus, the historian
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Christianity continued

• Patriarch Bishops or leaders in the Eastern
  Mediterranean Orthodox
• Pope Title for the Bishop of Rome, leader of
  Roman Catholic Christianity Peter
• Sacred book Bible Old and New Testament
  Formed at Council of Nicaea

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Council of Nicaea 325 CE

• Nicene Creed Basic beliefs
• All Bishops/leaders meet
• Vulgate Bible Jerome (Latin)

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Spread of Christianity
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Constantine 312AD

• Empire divided East and West
• Rome Latin, rural, Catholic
• Constantinople Greek, wealth, population, trade,
  Orthodox
• Nicene Creed 325AD, handout

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Augustine of Hippo

• Late 300s
• Confessions and conversion
• Predestination, grace, free will, origin of sin
• City of God spirit and world

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Romes Decline in the West

• Frontier pressure Persians Germans
• Army Composition slaves, gladiators, barbarians,
  brigands conscription
• Military expenses
• economic stagnation

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Barbarian Invasions

• Goths, Vandals, Saxons, Angles, Franks,
  Burgundians, Lombards.Asiatic Huns
• 378AD Visigoths at Adrianople, Balkans
• 410AD Visigoths sack Rome 455AD Vandals
• 476AD Ostrogoths depose Augustulus Romulus

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