FAMILIES CHANGING TRENDS. CH.6

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FAMILIES CHANGING TRENDS. CH.6

• ETHNIC FAMILIES
• By
• Patricia Albanese.

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INTRODUCTION

• This author gives a personal account of her
  experience on immigrating to Canada at age
  five-and a-half from Italy
• - she later became an
• interpreter for her monolingual
• parents.

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Contd

• VARIABLES AFFECTING HER ENCULTURATION INTO
  CANADIAN SOCIETY
• - EMBARRASSED TO EAT ETHNIC
• FOODS AT SCHOOL (THESE FOODS
• ARE PRESENTLY CONSIDERED
• GOURMET.

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Contd

• - HER DRESS STYLE WAS UNLIKE
• ITALO-CANADIAN.
• - SHE LIVED IN A NON ITALIAN
• NEIGHBOURHOOD.

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Contd

• Parents struggle to transmit ethnic culture to
  their children.
• Textbooks do not reflect the uniqueness of
  various ethnic groups.
• Canadian ethnic groups are heterogeneous.

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Contd

• Heterogenicity stems from
• Diversity of experiences.
• Period of immigration.
• Immigration policies.
• Size of immigrant group.
• Region of origin of immigrants.

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Contd

• Availability of Jobs.
• Discrimination.
• Shared experiences shape the lives of all ethnic
  families.
• Culture is in a constant flux also.

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Contd

• Factors encompassing ethnicity and race
  (Driedger)-
• - Social
• - Social-psychological
• - Cultural
• - Human interactions.

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Contd

• Isajiws definition of ethnic group
• - its involuntary.
• - community type group of
• persons.
• -persons or descendants sharing
• same, culture,ancestral identity.

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Contd

• 2001 census revealed
• -Canadian population over
• 90 different ethnic groups with
• 15,000members or more.
• - 24.6 increase in
• visible minorities.

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RACE

• Scientists have failed to classify humans into
  racially distinct groups.Characteristics study of
  race include
• - hair colour and texture.
• - shape of eyes nose mouth.

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Contd

• Extensive research shows
• Variations between and within categories of
  people.
• Three races identified by scientists mongoloid,
  caucasoid, negroid

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Contd

• It is not always the case that race embodies
  ones skin colour and physical attributes aswas
  the case of
• - French-origin Canadians and
• English-origin Canadians.

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Contd

• In Italy some southern Italians are viewed as
  black. (Italians from more economically
  depressed regions of Italy).
• The word black carries with it
  connotations of meanings real or imagined.

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Canada A Land of Immigrants.

• All Canadian groups including Aborignals migrated
  to Canada at some point in time.
• The study of ethnic groups in Canada include

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Contd

• Charter groups
• - English and French
• - Non-charter European ethnics.
• - Canadas Aboriginal people.
• - Visible minorities (more
• recently).

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Contd

• Changes in Canadian Immigration policies allowed
  for the addition of visible minorities to the
  charter groups.
• For the first 100years visible minorities
  (undesirable/ non-preferred) were excluded.

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Contd

• Canadas first Nations include
• - Status (Registered)
• - Non-Status Indians, Metis and
• Inuit. Cultural variations and
• existing diversity were seen.

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Contd

• .
• Registered Indians in Canada
• - reside in 900 different
• communities.
• - separated by great distance
• - differentiated by history,
• language, culture.

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Contd

• Canadas First Nations.Concerns noted.
• Substantial social-economic disparities
• On-reserve (Registered) less than grade 9
  education.

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Contd

• 60 lower employment rate.
• Average incomes are half the national average.
• Twice as likely to be lone parent families.
• 60 legally married.

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Contd

• larger than average families.
• High fertility rate.
• Overcrowded households (6xmore).
• Infant mortality 2x that of all other Canadians.

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Contd

• Stress from internal violence.
• Breakdown in traditional families lead to social
  problems.
• Rehabilitaition of families is central to
  personal and community healing.

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Contd

• Goal of Indian Act was to assimilate Canadas
  First Nations people. BUT
• Children were forcibly removed from their homes.
• Aim at civilizing them into European ways.

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Contd

• The European culture/schools were a vehicle for
  marginalizing generations of young men and women.
• Families were torn apart.

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IMMIGRATION POLICIES AND FAMILY LIFE

• GOAL OF CANADIAN IMMIGRATION
• -POPULATE CANADA.
• IMMIGRATION LEVELS WERE
• LOW DURING-THE GREAT DEPRESSION.
• -SECOND WORLD WAR.

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CONTD

• By the mid1980s immigration levels rose.
• Increased population growth was seen.
• But from the time of Confederation 1867 Canadian
  families have not been able to maintain
  population growth.

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CONTD

• TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE ENTERING CANADA HAS
  FALLEN. IMMIGRANTS CONTINUE TO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT
  ROLE IN BUILDING AND MAINTAINING CAN.POPULATION
  GROWTH.

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CONTD.

• NOTE
• CANADA CAME INTO EXISTENCE ON JULY1, 1867.
• JOHN MACDONALD WAS THE NATION BUILDER
• HIS GOVT WAS CONSERVATIVE.

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CONTD

• JOHN MACDONALD SAID
• SCOTCH EMIGRATION WAS THE VERY BEST.
• OPEN DOOR IMMIGRATION WAS SHUT TO MANY
  UNDESIRABLES.

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Contd

• DEMAND FOR WORKERS AND SETTLERS LED TO
  RECRUITMENT OF DESIRABLES FROM PARTS OF EUROPE.

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CHINESE AND EAST INDIAN BACHELOR COMMUNITIES

• Chinese men only arrived in the 1850s.
• Temporary unskilled cheap labour to help build
  CanadianPacific Railway.They became established
  in Barberville. B.C. Levied head tax of 500. was
  in existence to deter Chinese women from
  immigrating to Can.
• .

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EAST INDIAN IMMIGRANTS

• BY 1908 5000 HAD ENTERED CANADA.
• VARIOUS MEASURES USED TO LIMIT THEIR MIGRATION.
• HEAD TAX OF 200. IMPOSED.
• PERMITTED TO LAND IN CANADA IF THEY ORIGINATED
  FROM THE COUNTRY OF THEIR BIRTH AND HAD
  CONTINUOUS PASSAGE.

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CONTD

• DURING 1955 TO 1960 DEPT. OF CITIZENSHIP AND
  IMMIGRATION ALLOWED ABOUT 300 WEST INDIAN
  DOMESTICS INTO CANADA AS CHEAP LABOUR TO DO WORK
  FEW CANADIANS WANTED. THIS INCREASED TO 1000
  DOMESTICS YEARLY BETWEEN 1960-1965.

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INDUSTRIALIZATION/URBANIZATION

• BETWEEN 1962 AND 1967 GOVT ABOLISHED ALMOST ALL
  RESTRICTIONS ON IMMIGRATION BASED ON ETHNICITY.
• MERIT POINT SYSTEM WAS INTRODUCED BASED ON JOB
  SKILL, EDUACTION KNOWLEDGE OF FRENCH/ENGLISH.

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CONTD

• PLEASE SEE TABLE 6.1.
• TORONTOS IMMIGRANTS. P.130.

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ETHNICITY THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE.

• FAMILY RESEARCH SHOULD REFLECT
• THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE COMPLEXITY OF ETHNIC
  FAMILIES EXPERIENCES AS THEY RELATE TO
  GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND BROADER SOCIO-ECONOMIC
  CONDITIONS.

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MATE SELECTION AND RATES OF EXOGAMY

• RESULTS OF RESEARCH STUDIES MANY CANADIANS WOULD
  ACCEPT VISIBLE MINORITY IMMIGRANTS AS FELLOW
  CITIZENS BUT NOT AS KIN BY MARRIAGE.
• GERMANS SHOWED THE HIGHEST RATE OF EXOGAMY
  FOLLOWED BY CARIBBEAN/ BLACKS.

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CONTD

• EAST INDIANS AND CHINESE HAVE THE LOWEST RATE OF
  EXOGAMY.
• ETHNIC INTERMARRIAGES SEEM TO BE ON THE RISE.
  RACIAL TOLERANCE IS DECREASING.

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COHABITATION

• In the immigration and sponsorship process. Govt
  requires indepth completion of forms IMM5409. A
  sponsored fiancee must marry her fiance within
  90 days upon arrival in Canada.
• -

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WORK AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF IMMIGRANT FAMILIES

• IMMIGRANTS FACE DIFFICULT CHALLENGE OF FINDING
  EMPLOYMENT.
• SETTLEMENT IN LARGE UNBAN AREAS NOTED.
• ONE INCOME INSUFFICIENT FOR SURVIVAL.
• WOMEN WORK IN CLEANING JOBS GROCERY STORES NEEDLE
  TRADES

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CONTD

• TO SUPPORT FAMILY
• WOMEN TAKE WORK HOME SO THAT THEY ARE ABLE TO
  CARE FOR CHILDREN AND PREPARE FAMILY MEALS.
• PLEASE SEE TABLE 6.2. P135

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FERTILITY/PARENTING

• FERTILITY RATES
• DECLINING RATE SEEN IN FOREIGN-BORN WOMEN SOON
  AFTER ARRIVAL IN CANADA.
• FERTILITYRATE FOR IMMIGRANT WOMEN BETWEEN 1996
  AND 2001 WAS 3.1 CHILDREN

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CONTD

• BETWEEN 1976 AND 2001 FERTILITY RATE FOR CANADIAN
  BORN WOMEN FELL 10.
• ACROSS ALL GROUPS FATHERS WANTED THEIR CHILDREN
  TO BE EDUCATED, FINANCIALLY SECURE, HONEST AND
  SHOW RESPECT FOR OTHERS.

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STRESS/CONFLICT

• NEW ARRIVAL HUSBANDS FACE
• -UNDEREMPLOYMENT,
• -UNEMPLOYMENT,
• -ROLE REVERSAL, ISOLATION
• -DEMASCULINIZING.

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CONT,D

• WOMEN MAY FACE
• LANGUAGE BARRIER,
• ISOLATION AND ARE RELUCTANT TO REPORT SPOUSAL
  ABUSE.

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IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLD

• MOST IMMIGRANTS
• LIVE IN NUCLEAR FAMILIES.
• THREE- GENERATION HOUSEHOLDS.

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AGING AND ETHNICITY

• ETHNIC/ CULTURAL RETIREMENT RESIDENCES AND
  NURSING HOMES ARE NOW COMMON IN CANADA.
• DISCUSSION TOPIC.
• Rayes-Henry (2006)

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Contd

• BABY BOOM RESULTED
• - HIGH IMMIGRATION LEVELS
• - LOW EMIGRATION LEVELS
• - INCREASED POPULATION
• GROWTH.

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