Name: Carl Leonard

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Name Carl Leonard Profession
Electrical and Robotics
Engineer Affiliation Clinical
Center/Scientific Computing Relation Want
use intelligent machines to
solve real-world problems. Question How can
we build AIs and robots that are more
robust, more generally intelligent?
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Introducing Artificial Intelligence (Section I
)

• The Argument from Biology
• Non-Cognitive Behavior
• The Argument from Philosophy
• Against Formalism
• No Disembodied Intelligence
• Agents in the Real World
• The New AI
• The Second Principle of Situatedness
• The Third Principle of Bottom-Up Design
• Behavior-Based Robotics
• Behaviors as Units of Design
• The Robot Genghis
• Behavior by Design

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The Argument from Biology
The only proof we have of intelligence
development is biology. What can we learn about
intelligence from the design of living
things? An animals environment has a strong
relation to its function and intelligence.
The earlier described 'problems of conventional
AI begs the question Can a disembodied
symbolic AI really work?
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Non-Cognitive Behavior
Is perceiving thinking acting the only source of
behavior? Frog brain surgery!! it's
like this behavior occurs, and persists,
independent of the high level process that we
call thought.
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The Argument from Philosophy

• Classical AI is built upon the work of
  philosophers like Descartes, Hobbes, and Leibniz
  who believe
• the world is the totality of facts not things.
• it is possible to arrive at a formal theory of
  the everyday world, based on a collection of
  formal primitives.
• these primitives are the pure simple parts of
  which reality is composed.
• these primitives can then be encoded as symbols
  that computers can manipulate using formal logic
  and other algorithms.

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The Argument from Philosophy
This is the foundation of classical AI.
Is there a counter-argument to their formalist
philosophy?
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Against Formalism No Disembodied
Intelligence Agents in the Real World
Philosophers Hubert Dreyfus and Martin Heidegger
counter the formalist philosophy asking what
are these pure simple parts of which reality is
composed? conceptually "What are the elemental
parts of a chair?" can we really create
meaningful mental representations of things
detached from the activity of experience? they
believe the formalist theory of knowledge exists-
detached from the 'activity' that gives it's
symbols and primitives any meaning. If this
counter argument is true, a new AI must begin to
focus on how the behavior of an agent is
constrained, and partially determined by the
activities it engages in.
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The New AI The Second Principle of
Situatedness The Third Principle of Bottom-Up
Design

• First principle
• The constraints a body places on an agent are
  crucial to how it interacts in the world.
• Second principle
• Being situated in the real world lessens the
  burden of creating simulated internal
  representations of the real world.
• Third principle
• A bottom-up design philosophy is employed. By
  understanding the basics, we can begin to
  understand the complexities of human cognition.

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Behavior-Based Robotics Behaviors as Units of
Design

• based on these principles, Rodney Brooks
  pioneered the field of Behavior Based Robotics.
• Robots consists of independent little programs
  that connect a robots sensors to action.
• Each little program results in a unique
  sub-behavior.
• These different programs are layered one on top
  of the other.
• They all run in parallel.
• There is no centralized control.
• From The interaction of the different programs
  comes a higher level emergent function behavior.
• The action of these parallel running programs
  handing off control to one another- interrupting
  and subsuming control over one another resulted
  in a higher level behavior.

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The Robot Genghis

• Robots consists of independent little programs
  that connect a robots sensors to action.
• Each little program results in a unique
  sub-behavior.
• These different programs are layered one on top
  of the other.
• They all run in parallel.
• There is no centralized control.

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Behavior-Based Robotics Behavior by Design
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Behavior by Design
The functional system that resulted in Genghis,
was made up of many simple autonomous
behaviors. The construction of Genghis, was a
function of the kind of environment in which it
would operate. The behaviors given to Genghis
were strongly influenced by the constraints
imposed on its body.