ATMOSPHERE

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ATMOSPHERE

• CHAPTER 17

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COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

• VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS PLAYED A ROLE FORMING EARTHS
  EARLY ATMOSPHERE
• GASES RELEASED INCLUDED CO2 SO2 WATER VAPOR, AND
  N2

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ATMOSPHERE

• TODAY THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE IS A MIXTURE OF MANY
  GASES CALLED AIR!
• THE PERCENTAGES OF THESES GASES ARE FAIRLY
  CONSTANT TO AN ALTITUDE OF 80KM (50 miles)

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ATMOSPHERE

• THE AMOUNTS OF N AND O ARE FAIRLY CONSTANT
• WATER VAPOR VARIES WITH SEASON, LOCATION, AND
  TIME OF DAY
• CARBON DIOXIDE VARIES WITH THE TIME OF YEAR
  LOWEST IN SUMMER AND HIGHEST IN WINTER
• PLUS LOTS OF DUST, POLLEN, SALT

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RECYCLE!!

• THE ATMOSPHERE HAS REMAINED STABLE BECAUSE OF THE
  RECYCLING OF MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE
  GEOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE, AND BIOSPHERE

O2, H2O
CO2 H2O
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DELICATE BALANCE

• AN INCONVIENENT TRUTH??????
• THE AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS HAVE
  INCREASED
• NATURAL INCREASE OR MAN MADE??

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HEAT TRANSFER

• HEAT ENERGY MOVES BY
• ______________
• ______________
• ______________
• IN THE ATMOSPHERE

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STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE

• __________________________________________________
  _
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________

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TROPOSPHERE

• ______________________________________
• MOST DENSE
• TEMPS DECREASE WITH ALTITUDE
• MOST OF THE SUNS RADIATION IS ABSORBED BY THE
  SURFACE OF THE EARTH AND TRANSFERRED TO THIS
  LAYER
• CONTAINS 80 OF THE TOTAL MASS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
• CONTAINS MOST OF THE WATER VAPOR
• MOST OF THE WEATHER OCCURS IN THIS LAYER

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TROPOPAUSE

• LAYER BETWEEN THE TROPOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE
• TEMPS INCREASE HERE
• __________________________________________________
  __________________

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STRATOSPHERE

• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __
• OZONE LAYER IS LOCATED HERE
• TEMP INCREASE IS CAUSED BY THE OZONE LAYER WHICH
  ABSORBS UV RAYS FROM THE SUN AND RELEASES HEAT

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STRATOPAUSE

• LAYER BETWEEN THE STRATOSPHERE AND THE MESOSPHERE
• __________________________________________________
  __________

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MESOSPHERE

• ________________________________________________

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THERMOSPHERE

• ATMOSPHERE IS EXTREMELY THIN
• MOLECULES AND ATOMS RECEIVE SUCH INTENSE SOLAR
  RADIATION THAT TEMPS CAN RISE TO ABOVE
  _____________
• HEAVIER GASES IN THE LOWER LAYERS MOSTLY
  ______________
• LAYER OF _________ REACHES TO 1,000KM
• ABOVE THAT A LAYER OF ______ REACHES TO 2,400KM
• ABOVE THAT A LAYER OF ______________ THINS OUT TO
  SPACE

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IONOSPHERE

• LOCATED IN THE THERMOSPHERE
• BETWEEN 90 AND 500 KM ABOVE THE EARTH
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________
• AFFECTED BY SOLAR EVENTS
• REFLECTS RADIO WAVES

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AURORAS

• HUGE ERUPTIONS FROM SUNSPOTS SEND OUT LARGE
  AMOUNTS OF RADIATION THAT DISRUPTS RADIO
  COMMUNICATIONS
• ALSO SENDS OUT IONIZED PARTICLES THAT ARE
  ELECTRICALLY CHARGED
• THEY ARE DEFLECTED BY THE MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND
  THE EARTH TO THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLES
• THE IONIZED PARTICLES INTERACT WITH THE AIR
  MOLECULES TO FORM AURORAS, THE COLORFUL PATTERNS
  OF LIGHT IN THE NIGHT SKY
• EACH POLE DISPLAYS THE SAME PATTERN AT THE SAME
  TIME MIRROR IMAGES

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EARTHS ATMOSPHERE

• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __
• HALF OF THAT IS WITHIN 5.5 KM (3.4miles) OF THE
  EARTHS SURFACE

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OZONE

• A FORM OF OXYGEN GAS
• O3 MOLECULE
• FORMS WHEN UV RAYS HIT OXYGEN IN THE UPPER
  ATMOSPHERE
• __________________________________
• THINING OF THE OZONE IS CAUSED BY THE RELEASE OF
  CFCS AND BY THE TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTHS
  SURFACE

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OZONE

• THE OZONE LAYER IS NATURALLY THINNER ABOVE THE
  POLES
• THE THICKNESS OF THE OZONE LAYER CHANGES WITH THE
  SEASONS

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INSOLATION

• ________________________
• ________________________
• ________________________
• EARTH RECEIVES ONLY 1/ 2 BILLIONTH OF THE SUNS
  INCOMING RAYS
• BALANCE INCOMING AND OUTGOING RADIATION IS
  ABOUT EQUAL
• JUST AS MUCH ENERGY ENTERS THE EARTH AS LEAVES IT

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT

• CREATED BY GREENHOUSE GASES
• ___________________ IS THE BIGGEST GREENHOUSE GAS
  IN THE ATMOSPHERE
• ______________________ IS ANOTHER GREENHOUSE GAS

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TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS

• INTENSITY OF INSOLATION VARIES WITH TIME OF DAY,
  LATITUDE, AND TIME OF YEAR
• GROUND COVERS AFFECTS THE ABSORBTION OF RADIATION

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ANGLE OF INSOLATION

• DEPENDS ON THE ANGLE OF THE SUNS RAYS ON THE
  EARTH
• AT 90 DEGREES GREATEST AMOUNTS OF ABSORBTION OF
  RADIATION
• AS THE ANGLE DECREASES THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
  ABSORBED DECREASES
• THE SUNS ENERGY IS SPREAD OVER A LARGER AREA
  THUS THE DECREASE IN INTENSITY OF ABSORBTION

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ANGLE OF INSOLATION

• SEASONAL
• THROUGH OUT THE SEASONS THE ANGLE OF THE SUN
  CHANGES THUS THE INTENSITY OF THE INSOLATION
  CHANGES
• HOTTEST MONTH FOR THE NORTHERN LATITUDES
  AUGUST, A COUPLE OF MONTHS AFTER THE SUN IS AT
  ITS HIGHEST POINT
• 24 HOUR PERIOD
• THROUGHOUT THE DAY THE ANGLE OF THE SUN CHANGES
  AND THUS CHANGES THE INTENSITY OF THE INSOLATION
• HOTTEST TIME OF DAY A FEW HOURS AFTER THE SUN
  IS AT ITS HIGHEST POINT IN THE SKY

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LATITUDE AND TIME OF YEAR

• HIGH ALTITUDES, LOWER ANGLES, LESS INSOLATION
• TILT OF THE EARTH RELATIVE TO THE SUN EFFECTS
  INSOLATION
• __________________________________________________
  ______________________
• __________________________________________________
  ______________________

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CLOUD COVER

• THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY THAT REACHES THE EARTH ALSO
  DEPENDS ON THE CLOUD COVER
• CLOUDS REFLECT A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF INSOLATION
• THEY ALSO HOLD IN A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF
  INSOLATION
• THE YEAR WITHOUT A SUMMER? CAUSED BY?????

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HEATING OF LAND AND WATER

• LAND HEATS FASTER THAN WATER
• LAND COOLS FASTER THAN WATER
• CONTINENTS ARE WARMER THAN NEARBY OCEANS IN
  SUMMER
• CONTINENTS ARE COOLER THATN NEARBY OCEANS IN THE
  WINTER
• WATER NEEDS MORE ENERGY TO RAISE ITS TEMP
• SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER IS 3 TIMES THE SPECIFIC
  HEAT OF LAND

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ISOTHERMS

• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __
• TEMPS ARE ADJUSTED TO ELIMINATE THE EFFECT OF
  ALTITUDE
• ACTIVITY A ISOTHERMS