Chapter 6: Learning

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Chapter 6 Learning
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Classical Conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov
• Terminology
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• Conditioned Response (CR)

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Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus
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Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical
conditioning
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Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear
response
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Classical Conditioning More Terminology

• Trial pairing of UCS and CS
• Acquisition initial stage in learning
• Stimulus contiguity occurring together in time
  and space

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Classical Conditioning More Terminology

• 3 types of Classical Conditioning
• Simultaneous conditioning CS and UCS begin and
  end together
• Short-delayed conditioning CS begins just before
  the UCS, end together
• Trace conditioning CS begins and ends before UCS
  is presented

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Processes in Classical Conditioning

• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Stimulus Generalization
• Discrimination
• Higher-order conditioning

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Figure 6.7 Acquisition, extinction, and
spontaneous recovery
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Figure 6.10 Higher-order conditioning
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Operant Conditioningor Instrumental Learning

• Edward L. Thorndike (1913) the law of effect
• B.F. Skinner (1953) principle of reinforcement
• Operant chamber
• Emission of response
• Reinforcement contingencies
• Cumulative recorder

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Figure 6.12 Reinforcement in operant conditioning
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Figure 6.13 Skinner box and cumulative recorder
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Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning

• Acquisition
• Shaping
• Extinction
• Stimulus Control
• Generalization
• Discrimination

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Figure 6.14 A graphic portrayal of operant
responding
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Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in
Classical and Operant Conditioning
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ReinforcementConsequences that Strengthen
Responses

• Primary Reinforcers
• Satisfy biological needs
• Secondary Reinforcers
• Conditioned reinforcement

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Continuous reinforcement
• Intermittent (partial) reinforcement
• Ratio schedules
• Fixed
• Variable
• Interval schedules
• Fixed
• Variable

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Figure 6.17 Schedules of reinforcement and
patterns of response
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ConsequencesReinforcement and Punishment

• Increasing a response
• Positive reinforcement response followed by
  rewarding stimulus
• Negative reinforcement response followed by
  removal of an aversive stimulus
• Escape learning
• Avoidance learning
• Decreasing a response
• Punishment
• Problems with punishment

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Figure 6.18 Positive reinforcement versus
negative reinforcement
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Figure 6.19 Escape and avoidance learning
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Figure 6.20 Comparison of negative reinforcement
and punishment
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Changes in Our Understandingof Conditioning

• Biological Constraints on Conditioning
• Instinctive Drift
• Conditioned Taste Aversion
• Preparedness and Phobias
• Cognitive Influences on Conditioning
• Signal relations
• Response-outcome relations
• Evolutionary Perspectives on learning

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Figure 6.22 Conditioned taste aversion
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Observational Learning Basic Processes

• Albert Bandura (1977, 1986)
• Observational learning
• Vicarious conditioning
• 4 key processes
• attention
• retention
• reproduction
• motivation
• acquisition vs. performance

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Figure 6.25 Observational learning