Anatomical Terms Injuries

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Anatomical Terms / Injuries
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Skin

• Bodies defense for dirt, bacteria, and germs.
• Epidermis- Outer most layer of skin
• Dermis- Thicker layer below the epidermis

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Skin
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Bones

• Functions
• 1. Protect vital organs
• 2. Acted on by muscles to produce movement.
• 3. Produce blood cells and store calcium.

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Bones

• Classifications
• Axial skeleton- includes the bones of the skull,
  spine, and thorax.
• Appendicular skeleton- includes the bones of the
  extremities.

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Bones

• Shapes
• Long bones- femur or humerus
• Short bones- bones of the hands and feet.
• Flat bone- scapula
• Irregular bones- vertebrae

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Joints

• Hinge joints- elbow and knee, they move back and
  forth.
• Multiaxial joints- shoulder and hip, these can be
  moved in multiple directions.
• Ball and socket joints- one end of the joint is
  in the shape of a ball, and the other end of the
  joint is a cuplike shape.

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Cartilage

• Function- absorb shock, allow smooth bone
  movement, and join structures.

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Muscles

• Function- contractions allow for acceleration and
  deceleration of body.
• Help maintain normal posture.

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Tendons

• Connect muscle to bone

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Ligaments

• Connect bone to bone

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Injuries

• Soft-Tissue
• Bones

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Soft-Tissue

• Sprain
• Strain
• Incision
• Abrasion
• Contusion

• Laceration
• Avulsion
• Amputation
• Puncture
• Contrecoup

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Sprain

• Injuries to ligaments

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Strain

• Injuries to muscles or tendons

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Degrees of injury for sprains and strains

• 1st degree (mild)- some stretching, little pain,
  little swelling, no loss of motion.

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Degrees of injury for sprains and strains

• 2nd degree (moderate)- more stretching, some
  tearing, pain, swelling, and some loss of motion.

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Degrees of injury for sprains and strains

• 3rd degree (severe)- complete tear, severe pain,
  good deal of swelling, loss of motion.

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Incision

• An open wound made by a cutting object.

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Abrasion

• Results from scrapping off a layer of skin.

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Contusion

• Commonly called a bruise. Caused by a direct
  blow. Usually seen by swelling and discoloration.

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Laceration

• A jagged, irregular cut caused by a non-cutting
  object.

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Avulsion

• Partial tearing away of a body part.

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Amputation

• Complete tearing away of a body part.

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Puncture

• Occurs when a pointed object enters a body part.

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Contrecoup

• Occurs on the opposite side of an injury.

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Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

• Stage I-Acute Inflammatory

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Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

• Stage II-Repair

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Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

• Stage III-Remodeling

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Bone Injuries

• Dislocations
• Fractures

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Dislocations

• When a force displaces the bones that make up a
  joint, so they no longer are aligned.

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Fractures

• Avulsion
• Stress
• Spiral
• Longitudinal
• Compression
• Oblique
• Comminuted

• Greenstick
• Transverse
• Depressed
• Blowout
• Pathological
• Epiphyseal

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Avulsion

• When a ligament or tendon pulls so hard that the
  attachment point pulls part of the bone away.

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Stress

• Occurs when there is a repetitive stress.

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Spiral

• When a torque like force is applied to a bone,
  and the fracture starts at one end and works its
  way around the length of the bone.

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Longitudinal

• A fracture that runs the length of a bone.

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Compression

• Occurs when opposite forces are applied to a bone
  at the same time.

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Oblique

• This fracture is a diagonal line from one side to
  the other.

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Comminuted

• When a bone is crushed into small pieces.

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Greenstick

• Occurs to bones that are not fully developed, and
  they only break part way through.

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Transverse

• When a fracture occurs straight across a bone.

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Depressed

• Usually occurs from a direct blow to the skull.

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Blowout

• When the eye is pushed so hard into the back of
  the eye socket.

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Blowout fracture
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Pathological

• When a tumor attaches itself to a bone and
  weakens that area of the bone, so that any sort
  of stress will cause the bone to fracture.

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Epiphyseal

• When a fracture occurs in the epiphysis (growth
  plate) of the bone.

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Compound fracture

• Any fracture where the bone protrudes through the
  skin.

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Compound fracture
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Fracture Healing Process

• Stage I-Acute
• Stage II-Repair
• Stage III-Remodeling