a presentation by

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Disaster Mitigation and Management

• a presentation by
• National Disaster Management Division
• Ministry of Home Affairs
• Government of India

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Major Natural Disasters in the country 1990 -
2001
Earthquake, Gujarat Jan 2001, 13805 lives lost
Major Cyclones - Four Earthquakes (M 6) -
Five 1991 Oct 20 Uttarkashi M6.6 1993 Sept 30
Latur M6.3 1997 May 22 Jabalpur M6.0 1999 March
29 Chamoli M6.8 2001 Jan 26 Bhuj M6.9 Severe
Floods - Every
Year Severe Droughts - Every 2-3 year
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1. Map showing flood zones in India 2. Map
showing earthquake zones in India 3. Map showing
wind and cyclone zones in India 4. Map showing
landslide hazard zones in India
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Hazard Vulnerability in India

• 60 of land mass prone to earthquakes
• 40 million hectares (8) of landmass prone to
  floods
• 8000 Km long coastline with two cyclone seasons
• Drought low and medium rainfall region which
  constitute 68 of the total area
• vulnerable to drought
• Hilly regions vulnerable to avalanches/landslides
  /Hailstorms/cloudbursts
• Different types of manmade Hazards
• 1 million houses damaged annually human,
  economic, social, other losses

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Plot of Earthquakes (Mgt 5.0) From IMD Catalogue
for the period from 1800 to Sept, 2001
Magnitudes
Tectonic Map of India. Lines
showing active fault zones.
1962
1970
1966
2001
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Seismic Risk f (Hazard, Exposure,
Vulnerability, Location).
EXPOSURE- Objects and structures built by man
which are exposed to the effects of the
hazard buildings, bridges, dams, power plant,
life-line structure, etc.
HAZARD- occurrence of an earthquake of
sufficient Magnitude (hence Intensity at the
epicenter) capable of causing damage to the
man-made structures. 
LOCATION- (i) How far the exposure' is
situated from the Hazard location the nearer
ones being in greater danger than those far away,
and
VULNERABILITY-Damageability of the exposure'
under the action of the hazard weaker ones
being more vulnerable and risky' than the
stronger ones.
(ii) Local site conditions which can modify the
hazard and/or affect the stability of the
exposure, such as topography, soil deposit, water
table, etc.
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Successive Disasters in Orissa The Supercyclone
Successive Disasters in Orissa The Supercyclone

• The twin cyclones
• GANJAM, GAJAPATI Oct 17-19, 1999. Wind Speed
  180 km/h Rainfall 452 mm in
  36 Hours
• 14 COASTAL DISTS Oct 29-30, 1999. Wind Speed
  300 km/h Rainfall 960 mm in 3
  Days

• The twin cyclones
• GANJAM, GAJAPATI Oct 17-19, 1999. Wind Speed
  180 km/h Rainfall 452 mm in
  36 Hours
• 14 COASTAL DISTS Oct 29-30, 1999. Wind Speed
  300 km/h Rainfall 960 mm in 3
  Days

• No. of Districts affected 24
• No. of Blocks affected 219
• No. of GP affected 2,757
• No. of villages affected 18,790

• IMPACT
• 8,495 Lives lost., 2 million Houses 23,000
  Schools damaged ,450,000 cattle dead
• 1.8 m ha. paddy and 33,000 ha. of non-paddy
  land affected
• Loss of 90 million trees
• Power supply disrupted in 19,062 villages
• All means of communication paralyzed for few
  days

• IMPACT
• 8,495 Lives lost., 2 million Houses 23,000
  Schools damaged ,450,000
• cattle dead
• 1.8 m ha. paddy and 33,000 ha. of non-paddy
  land affected
• Loss of 90 million trees
• Power supply disrupted in 19,062 villages
• All means of communication paralyzed for few
  days

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A terrible human tragedy The Bhuj Earthquake
One of the worst earthquakes in the last 180
years...

• Earthquake of magnitude 6.9 on Richter scale.

• 13,805 lives lost, 1031 school children
  died.
• Around 167,000 persons suffered injury.

Source World Bank
.that too in the wake of two consecutive years
of drought.
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Over 1.1 million homes affected 4 Kutch towns in
ruins The only reason for tragedyPOOR
PERFORMANCE OF MASONRY RCC BUILDINGS
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Addressing Vulnerability

• 1819 Gujarat Kutch 8.0 (2000 deaths)
• 2001 Gujarat Bhuj 6.9 (13,805 deaths)
• Increased vulnerability in two centuries
• The Question is Should social development
  increase vulnerability?
• Major cities, towns and villages in hazardous
  zones
• Majority of buildings wherein do not conform.
• Uncontrolled/unplanned development
• New constructions not as per the
  Guidelines/Codes
• Old Constructions retrofitting a suitable
  options keeping in
• mind of the prevalent hazards

Safe Housing and Infrastructure is the key to
vulnerability reduction
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Extra cost of earthquake safety elements in
buildings Buildings constructed using the Indian
Standard Codes and Guidelines Masonry
Building Seismic Zone III 2-3 Seismic
Zone IV 3-4 Most severe seismic Zone V
4-6 Reinforced concrete buildings of 4
8 storeys Seismic Zone III
2.6-3.2 Seismic Zone IV 3.2-4
Seismic Zone V 5-6 ( in
each case, including about 0.7 only for ductile
detailing) Retrofitting of buildings, not
initially designed for earthquake will cost 2
to 3 times as much as the above mentioned
costs. Source Prof A S Arya, National Seismic
Advisor, MHA
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Vertical Reinforcement connecting Plinth Band and
Roof Slab through Lintel Band
Buttresses provided in the long walls to carry
extra lateral loads.
Source ITK-BMTPC Earthquake Tips, www.nicee.org
Figure Essential requirements to ensure box
action in a masonry building.
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Figure The 1993 Latur Earthquake (Central India)
- one masonry house in Killari village had
horizontal lintel band and sustained the shaking
without damage.
Figure Horizontal Bands in masonry building
Improve earthquake-resistance.
Source ITK-BMTPC Earthquake Tips, www.nicee.org
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Main mitigation strategies
Structural Mitigation
Hazard mapping
Land Use Control
Do not construct buildings in areas of turn of
rivers, flood plains, or mudflows.
Bhopal, showing the area affected by the leakage
of toxic gas. (Chemical Hazards)
Pedestal
Buildings on stilts or on a platform
Construction in a flood prone area
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Community Based Mitigation
Improving vegetation cover
Engineered structures
Multi-purpose Cyclone Shelters Multi-purpose
Cyclone Shelters of suitable designs have been
constructed in vulnerable locations of coastal
Orissa.
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• Community Based Disaster Preparedness
• Community and Village Plan
• Community is the first responder to any event
• Development of block, Gram Panchayat, Village
  disaster
• management plans
• Constitute Disaster Management Committees
  DMCs Disaster
• Management Teams DMT at all levels
• Village Disaster Management Team DMT will be
  selected by the
• villagers
• Type of DMTs- warning dissemination, rescue
  evacuation, first
• aid, shelter mgmt, damage assessment,
  counseling, water
• sanitation, carcass disposal, relief
  distribution,damage
• assessment, village protection teams

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Community Based Disaster Preparedness (contd)

• Mock drills based on the plan prepared
• Approval of plan by Gram Sabha

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Community Based Disaster Preparedness (contd)

• Training Capacity building of DMTs at all
  levels
• Training and demonstration in cost effective
  alternate
• technology for hazard resistance housing
  including including
• retrofitting/ roof top rain water harvesting
  features
• Strengthening of disaster management
  information centres
• Integration of disaster management plans with
  the
• developmental plans at all levels
  (Village/Panchayat/Block/
• Mitigation Plans as part of the Annual
  Development Plan)

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Thank You