CIEG 434: Air Pollution Control Lecture 1

1
CIEG 434 Air Pollution ControlLecture 1

• Steve Dentel
• Dept. of Civil Environmental Engineering
• University of Delaware
• Spring 2007

2
Course Logistics

• INSTRUCTORS
• Part I Particulate contaminants and controls
  Steve Dentel, 348 DuPont Hall, 831-8120,
  dentel_at_udel.edu
• Part II - Gaseous contaminants and controls Pei
  Chiu, 344B DuPont Hall, 831-3104,
  pei_at_ce.udel.edu.

3

• OFFICE HOURS
• Monday 1130 - 130.  You can also make an
  appointment with either instructor by phone or
  email, or simply stop by.  
• TEXTBOOK
• Cooper, C. D. Alley, F. C., "Air Pollution
  Control - A Design Approach", 3rd ed, Waveland
  Press, 2002.  
• REFERENCES
• (1) De Nevers, N., "Air Pollution Control
  Engineering", 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2000.(2)
  Heinsohn, R. J. and Kabel, R. L. "Sources and
  Control of Air Pollution", Prentice Hall,
  1998.(3) Crawford, M. "Air Pollution Control
  Theory", McGraw-Hill, 1976.

4
ACTIVE PARTICIPATION

• Activities and extra efforts that contribute to
  and demonstrate understanding of the subject
  matter are encouraged and will be rewarded with
  extra "active participation" points (up to 10
  points/person/semester).

5
GRADING The total number of points is 250. 

• If you earn a total of230 points or more, you
  will receive an A or A-205 points or more, you
  will receive a B, B, or B-180 points or more,
  you will receive a C, C, or C-160 points or
  more, you will receive a D, D, or D-You will
  need a minimum of 160 points to pass.

6
Priority Air PollutantsSources, Properties, and
Effects
7
Definition of Air Pollution (DNREC)

• "The presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or
  more air contaminants in sufficient quantities
  and of such characteristics and duration as to be
  injurious to human, plant, or animal life or to
  property or which unreasonably interferes with
  the enjoyment of life and property within the
  jurisdiction of the State."

8
Health concerns
9
NAAQS exist for 6 "criteria pollutants"

• PM10 and PM2.5
• CO
• Pb
• SO2
• NO2
• O3 (secondary)
• particulate matter

10
Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• colorless, tasteless, odorless, poisonous
• from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels
• oxygen, temperature, mixing, residence time
• important pollutant in urban and indoor air
• 3/4 of CO emissions are related to
  transportation
• CO competes (gt200x) with O2 to bind hemoglobin

11
Lead (Pb)

• Before 1984, major Pb source was Pb(C2H5)4, an
  antiknock agent in gasoline invented by T.
  Midgley
• 1970 CAAA required 90 cut in CO, NOx, VOC
• Auto industry chose to use catalytic converters
• Catalytic converters were poisoned by Pb
• In 1984, EPA lowered allowable Pb in gasoline
• Now most Pb comes from point (industrial) sources

12
Lead (Pb)

• industrial sources smelters, lead acid
  batteries, etc.
• other sources Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 and Pb3O4 in
  paint, soil around highways, etc.
• most exposure through inhalation of Pb particles
  (also through drinking water due to Pb solder)
• esp. detrimental to children and pregnant women

13
NOx (NO NO2)

• NO colorless, non-toxic, oxidizes to NO2
• NO2 red-brown, lung irritant, bronchitis,
  pneumonia
• Sources 50 industrial, 50 mobile
• Mechanisms fuel NOx thermal NOx (1000 K)
• NOx VOCs h? gt photochemical smog
• NOx OH. gt HNO3 (acid precipitation)
• Eutrophication

14
SOx (SO2 SO3)

• approx. 20 MT/yr, 90 from fossil fuel burning,
  of which 85 comes from power plants (75 of
  total)
• other sources oil refining, copper smelting,
  autos
• coal gt oil (less than 1 ppm after refining) gt
  gas
• both highly soluble, absorbed after inhalation
• SOx OH./O2 gt SO3 gt H2SO4 (acid rain)
• SO4 also forms 2o PM2.5 may reach deep into
  lungs

15
O3 VOC (smog)

• NOx VOCs h? gt photochemical smog (O3,
  formaldehyde, peroxyacetyl nitrate, other
  oxidants)
• urban O3 peaks at 11 am, after NO NO2
• cough, headache, eye/throat irritation, lung
  damage (susceptible sub-populations e.g., people
  w/ asthma)
• believed to be responsible for most of the
  damage to agriculture due to air pollution

16
Particulate Matter (PM)

• Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in air
• gt10 mm easily captured by nose upper tracks
• lt0.1 mm captured, exhaled, or coagulate to gt0.1
  mm
• 0.1-10 (esp. 2-4) mm penetrate deposit in
  lungs
• May contain metals, PAHs, pesticides, other
  toxics
• visibility reduction by 0.3-0.7 mm particles
• damage to infrastructure by acid mist/fog

17
CO2

• Not included in NAAQS
• Was approximately 0.03 of atmospheric air (300
  ppm). Now approaching 400 ppm.
• Sources respiration, combustion, dissolved
  carbonates in surface waters, etc.
• Now unequivocally linked to global warming

18
Next