3' CARBOHYDRATES

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3. CARBOHYDRATES

• Sugars/starches

• The major source of energy in cells!
• Names end in -ose
• Provide structural support ex plant cell wall
  made rigid with cellulose

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What are carbohydrates made of?

• Carbo-
• Carbon (C)
• -hydrate
• water (H2O)
• a common carbohydrate formula
• C6H12O6

What is this?
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Three Types of carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides 1 sugar

• Disaccharides 2 sugars

• Polysaccharides many sugars

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Monosaccharides

• one sugar the smallest C6H12O6
• monomers
• the building blocks of all other sugar types
• Glucose QUICK energy for cells break down di
  and poly to mono for energy!
• examples
• fruit sugar (fructose)
• blood sugar (glucose)
• Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O 38 ATP (energy)

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Mono Mono Disaccharide Formed by dehydration
synthesis
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Examples of disaccharide synthesis
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Disacharrides

• two simple sugars attached with a covalent bond
  C12H22O11
• (2 monosacs put together)
• examples
• milk sugar (lactose)
• table sugar (sucrose)
• byproduct of starch
• digestion (maltose)

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Polysaccharides

• many simple sugars attached with covalent bonds
• Formed by dehydration synthesis
• Contain fiber and other non-digestable carbs
• examples
• starches pasta, bread, corn starch (amylose)
• plant cell walls (cellulose)

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Storage polysaccharides
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Chitin, a structural polysaccharideexoskeleton
and surgical thread
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What about molecules with different shape?

• ISOMERS

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Isomers same formula, different
structure/properties

• Mono- glucose and fructose

Both C6H12O6

• Di- sucrose, lactose, maltose

Both C12H22O11
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Chemical Identification of Carbohydrates

• Benedicts Test Identifies the presence of a
  MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to orange in
  the presence of heat
• Iodine Test Identifies the presence of a
  POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to
  purple/black
• Process of Elimination If there is no reaction
  with either the Benedicts or Iodine Tests, then
  a DISACCHARIDE is present.

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Recap for carbohydrates

• made of C, H, O (121 ratio)
• in animals used for quick energy
• in plants used for energy storage/ structural
  support
• There are three types (mono, di, poly)
• The building block of any carb is a
  monosacharride
• isomers are everywhere

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Types of Carbohydrates
Sugar is sucrose which is a disaccharide
When diabetics test their blood they test for
glucose which is a monosaccharide
Pasta is a starch which is a polysaccharide
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2. Lipids (fats and oils)

• Store energy
• Make up phosophoLIPID of cell membrane
• Some hormones are lipids steroids
• Cushion and Insulate Organisms

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The elements in lipids
The elements found in lipids are C, H and O
C57H110O6 is the chemical formula for a common
lipid
Note the O content How does it compare with the
O content of a carbohydrate?
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The Monomer of lipids
fatty acids and a glycerol
This one is called a triglyceride
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Types of lipids
Saturated fats vs. unsaturated

• Unsaturated
• double/triple bonds
• olive oil,corn oil (usually plant fats)
• liquid room temp

• Saturated
• single bonds only
• Ex butter, steak (usually animal fats)
• solid room temp

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Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and
fatty acids 
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Characteristics of lipids

• Lipids are insoluble in water

WHY?

• lipids are nonpolar - and do not attract to polar
  water molecules

• hydrophobic

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An important cellular lipid

• The outer membrane of all cells is made of a
• PhosphoLIPID BILAYER
• P touches water
• Lipid is sandwiched between P

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Lab Test For Lipids

• Sudan III Test Lipids turn a red color if Sudan
  III present
• Solubility Test lipids do NOT dissolve in water
  due to its polar nature oil and water do not mix
  will float on water
• Translucence Test lipids will cause paper bags
  to become translucent

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