CIEG 331 Introduction to Environmental Engineering

1
CIEG 331Introduction to Environmental
Engineering

• Chapter 1Introduction

2
1.1What is Environmental Engineering?

• Environmental Engineering- a profession deals
  with
• Solutions of problems of environmental sanitation
• Engineering aspects of public health

3
1.1What is Environmental Engineering?

• Professionalism
• Pursue the learned arts in a spirit of public
  service.
• Engineering
• A profession that applies sciences to utilize
  economically natural resources for the benefits
  of mankind.

4
ASCE Code of Ethics Fundamental Principles
Engineers uphold and advance the integrity,
honor and dignity of the engineering profession
by 1. using their knowledge and skill for the
enhancement of human welfare and the
environment 2. being honest and impartial and
serving with fidelity the public, their
employers and clients 3. striving to increase
the competence and prestige of the engineering
profession and 4. supporting the professional
and technical societies of their disciplines.
5
Fundamental Canons
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety,
health and welfare of the public and shall
strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the performance of
their professional duties. 2. Engineers shall
perform services only in areas of their
competence. 3. Engineers shall issue public
statements only in an objective and truthful
manner. 4. Engineers shall act in professional
matters for each employer or client as
faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid
conflicts of interest. 5. Engineers shall build
their professional reputation on the merit of
their services and shall not compete unfairly
with others. 6. Engineers shall act in such a
manner as to uphold and enhance the honor,
integrity, and dignity of the engineering
profession. 7. Engineers shall continue their
professional development throughout their
careers, and shall provide opportunities for the
professional development of those engineers
under their supervision.
6
Environmental Engineering ASCE Policy
Statement 412Approved by the National
Environmental Systems Policy Committee on March
6, 2001.Approved by the Board Policy Team on
March 12, 2001.Adopted by the Board of Direction
on April 27, 2001.
Policy The American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE) reaffirms that environmental engineering
has been and continues to be an essential
discipline of civil engineering since it applies
directly to the civil engineering professional's
mandate to protect the public health, safety and
welfare.
7
Environmental Engineering ASCE Policy Statement
412
Rationale Although there are many
environmentally-focused professions,
environmental engineers are civil engineers. ASCE
has, new institutes, including the Environmental
and Water Resources Institute formed in 1999.
Environmental engineering (formerly sanitary
engineering formed in 1922) has long been a
discipline of civil engineering. Environmental
engineering subjects have been taught as part of
civil engineering curriculum, and has been
recognized in accreditation of civil engineering
programs. Civil engineers educated in
environmental engineering programs have
diligently served the public interest and have
an important leadership role in maintaining and
improving the environmental infrastructure.
8
1-2 Introduction to Environmental Engineering

• Water treatment engineering
• Water quality management
• Wastewater treatment engineering
• Air pollution engineering
• Noise pollution engineering
• Solid waste management
• Hazardous waste management

9
1-3 Environmental Systems Overview

• Water Resource Management System (Fig 1-2 Fig
  1-3)
• Air Resource Management System (Fig 1-5)
• Solid Waste Management System(Fig 1-6)
• Multimedia System

10
Water Resource Management System
11
Factors Affecting Water Uses

• Industrial activities
• Metering
• Management
• Living standards
• Climate

12
Source of Drinking Water
13
System Size
14
Water source
15
Terms

• CWS Community Water System. A public water
  system that supplies water to the same population
  year-round.
• NTNCW Non-Transient Non-Community Water System.
  A public water system that supplies water to at
  least 25 of the same population at least six
  months per year, but not year-round. Some
  examples are schools, factories, office buildings
  and hospital which have their own water systems.
• TNCWS Transient Non-Community Water System. A
  public water system that provides water in a
  place such as gas station or campground where
  people do not remain for long period of time.

16
Water Resource Management System
17
(No Transcript)
18
Air Resource Management System
19
Solid Waste Management System
20
Multimedia System
21
(No Transcript)
22
1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations
(Water Quality Management)

• Drinking water
• Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1974
• Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments (SDWAA) 1986

23
1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations
(Water Quality Management)

• Water pollution control
• Public Health Service Act (PHSA) 1948
• Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) 1958
• Water Quality Act 1965
• Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment
  (FWQCAA) 1972
• Clean Water Act (CWA) 1977

24
Terms (Acronyms)
BPT Best Practical Technology
BAT Best Available Technology
NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination
System
BCT Best Conventional Technology
25
1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations
(Air Quality Management)

• 1970 Clean Air Act Amendment
• 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments
• 1980 Acid Precipitation Act
• 1986 Radon Gas Indoor Air Quality Research Act
• 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments

• 1955 Air Pollution Control Act
• 1960 Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act
• 1963 Clean Air Act
• 1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act
• 1967 Air Quality Act

26
1999 Clean Air Act Amendments

• Target attainment date for criteria air
  pollutants.
• New requirements for auto emissions.
• Identify 189 HAPs.
• Set SO2 allowance for acid rain.
• Set date for phase-out ozone-depleting compounds.

27
Bubble Concept
Without Bubble Total allowable emission 200
Mg/d Control Cost 20 Million
With Bubble Total allowable emission 200
Mg/d Control Cost 15 Million
28
1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations
(Noise Pollution Control)

• 1850 Boston
• 1920 Noise Abatement Commission New York City
• 1948 National Institute of Municipal Law Officers
  (NIMLO)
• 1942 Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act

• 1962 Federal Aid Highways Act
• 1966 Department of Transportation Act
• 1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act
• 1970 Noise Pollution and Abatement Act

29
1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations
(Solid Waste)

• 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act
• 1970 Resource Recovery Act

30
1-4 Environmental Legislation and Regulations
(Hazardous Wastes)

• 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
  (RCRA)
• 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)
• 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment s (HSWA)
• 1986 Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act
  (SARA)
• 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

31
1-5 Environmental Ethics

• Case 1 Nitrite issue
• Case 2 Noise issue

32
1-6 A Material Balance Approach to Problem Solving

• Financial system
• Balance deposit -withdrawal
• Environmental system
• Accumulation input -output

33
Example 1 Solid Waste Generation
Inputs 50 kg consumer goods
Outputs 50 consumed as foods -
50 for biological maintenance -
50 discharge as waste in sewer -
25 waste recycle
Accumulation 1 kg
34
Example 1
35
Example 2 Flow
Bath tub 3.5 m3
Faucet flow rate 1.32 L/min
Drain flow rate 0.32 L/min
Q1 How long does it take to fill the bath tub?
Q1 How much water is wasted?
36
Example 2 Flow
Rate of accumulation Rate of input - Rate of
output
(dM/dt)in
(dM/dt)out
(dM/dt)accu
0.32 L/min
1.32 L/min
37
Example 2
Solving without integration
Mass (volume )(density) Vr
Volume (flow rate) (time) Q t
(Vacc)(r) (Qin) (r) (t) (Qout) (r) (t)
Vacc (Qin Qout) (t)
38
Example 3 Mixing
Cst 20 mg/L Qst 2.0 m3/s
39
Example 3
Mass / Time (Concentration) (Flow rate)
Mass / Time (mg/L) (L/min) (mg/min)
Rate of Accumulation Cst Qst) Cse Qse)
(Cmix)(Qmix)
Qmix Qse Qst
40
Chapter Review

• Environmental management systems
• Identify and explain the following acronyms and
  concepts BPT, BAT, BCT, NPDES, HAP, MACT,
  bubble policy, NIMLO, Walsh-Healy, OSHA, RCRA
  and CERCLA
• Define the following terms conservative
  pollutants, reactive pollutants, steady-state
  conditions, completely mixed systems,
• Mass balance relationship