11' Building Information Systems

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W e e k
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COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
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COMPUTER COMPONENTS
BUSES
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HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA

• BIT Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not
• BYTE Group of bits for one character
• EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
  Code (8 or 9 bits per byte)
• ASCII- American Standard Code for Information
  Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)
• PARITY BIT extra bit added to each byte to help
  detect errors

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EXAMPLES OF BYTES
EBCDIC ASCII (assume
even-parity system)

• C 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1
• A 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0
• T 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1
• Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN
  number

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CPU PRIMARY STORAGE
DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS
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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
CONTROL UNIT
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ALU CONTROL UNIT

• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT CPU component performs
  logic and arithmetic operations
• CONTROL UNIT CPU component controls, coordinates
  other parts of computer system

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MACHINE CYCLE

• STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTION
• PCs OLDER MACHINES Microseconds (millionth
  second)
• POWERFUL MACHINES Nanoseconds (billionth second)

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COMPUTER TIME
PER COMPARED
NAME LENGTH
SECOND TO 1 SECOND

• Millisecond .001 second thousand
  15min 40 sec
• Microsecond .001 millisecond million
  11.6 days
• Nanosecond .001microsecond billion
  31.7 years
• Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion
  31,700 years
  

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TYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM Random Access Memory
• Dynamic Changes thru processing
• Static Remains constant (power on)
• ROM Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
• PROM Program can be changed once
• EPROM Erasable thru ultraviolet light
• EEPROM Electrically erasable

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ADDRESSES IN MEMORY
Each location is a REGISTER
Each location can hold data
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MEMORY SIZE

• KILOBYTE (KT) 210 bytes... 1024 bytes
• MEGABYTE (MB) 210 KB... million bytes
• GIGABYTE (GB) 210 MB... billion bytes
• TERABYTE (TB) 210 GB... trillion bytes

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MICROPROCESSOR

• VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU
• WORD LENGTH Bits processed at one time
• MEGAHERTZ One million cycles per second
• DATA BUS WIDTH Bits moved between CPU other
  devices
• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC) Embeds
  most used instructions on chip to enhance speed
• MultiMedia eXtension (MMX) Enhanced Intel chip
  improves multimedia applications

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SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL PROCESSING
SEQUENTIAL
PARALLEL
MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF
CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMS
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SECONDARY STORAGE

• DISK
• TAPE
• OPTICAL STORAGE

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DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

• HARD DISK Steel platter array for large computer
  systems
• RAID Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks
• FLOPPY DISK Removable disk for PC

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DISK PACK STORAGE

• LARGE SYSTEMS
• RELIABLE STORAGE
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
• QUICK ACCESS RETRIEVABLE
• TYPICAL 11 2-sided disks
• CYLINDER Same track all surfaces

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TRACKS AND SECTORS
EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA
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OPTICAL STORAGE

• CD-ROM 500-660 MEGABYTES
• LAND Flat parts of disk surface reflects light
• PITS small scratch on surface scatters light
• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM)
• CD-R Compact Disk - Recordable
• CD-RW CD - Rewritable
• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD) CD size, up to 10
  gigabytes of data

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MAGNETIC TAPE

• STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES
• SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE
  (2400 feet per spool)
• RECORD GROUPS BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records
  per block)
• GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP
• RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2
BLOCK 3
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MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE
• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS
• INEXPENSIVE
• STORED IN SAFE LOCATION
• CAN BE REUSED

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STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)

• HIGH-SPEED NETWORK
• CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES
• TAPE LIBRARIES
• DISK ARRAYS
• STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER
• 3rd party rents storage space

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INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

• POINTING DEVICES
• SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
• OUTPUT DEVICES

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POINTING DEVICES

• KEYBOARD
• MOUSE
• WIRED
• INFRA-RED
• TRACKBALL
• TOUCH PAD
• JOYSTICK
• TOUCH SCREEN

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME PLACE OF
  TRANSACTION
• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR) Saves
  characters, format
• BAR CODE Identifies products in stores,
  warehouses, shipments
• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR)
  Special ink identifies bank, account, amount

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• PEN-BASED INPUT Digitizes signature
• DIGITAL SCANNER Translates images characters
  into digital form
• VOICE INPUT DEVICES Converts spoken word into
  digital form
• SENSORS Devices that collect data from
  environment for computer input (e.g.,
  thermometers, pressure gauges)

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OUTPUT DEVICES

• CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)
• PRINTER
• PLOTTER
• VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE

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DATA PROCESSING

• BATCH PROCESSING Transaction data stored until
  convenient to process as a group. Useful for less
  time-sensitive actions.
• ON-LINE PROCESSING Transaction data entered
  directly into system, constantly updating files.
  Requires direct-access devices.

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BATCH PROCESSING
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ON-LINE PROCESSING
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INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA

• INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA
• TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION
• STREAMING TECHNOLOGY
• MP3 Audio compression standard

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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

• MAINFRAME
• MIDRANGE MINICOMPUTER
• SERVER
• PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)
• WORKSTATION
• SUPERCOMPUTER

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MAINFRAME
MIPS Millions of Instructions per second

• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER
• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS
• MASSIVE DATA
• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

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MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER

• MIDDLE-RANGE
• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS
• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME

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MICROCOMPUTER

• DESKTOP OR PORTABLE
• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM
• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS
• AFFORDABLE
• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS
• CAN BE NETWORKED

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CLIENT / SERVER

• NETWORKED COMPUTERS
• CLIENT User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires
  data, application, communications it does not
  have
• SERVER Component (computer) having desired data,
  application, communications

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CLIENT / SERVER
CLIENT SERVER
USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION
DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES
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WORKSTATION

• DESKTOP COMPUTER
• POWERFUL GRAPHICS
• EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES
• MULTI-TASKING
• USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION e.g.
  CAD, engineering, graphics

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SUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP TRILLION
CALCULATIONS/SECOND

• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED
• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS
• FASTEST CPUs
• LARGE SIMULATIONS
• STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS
• EXPENSIVE

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CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED

• CENTRALIZED PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE
• ONE STANDARD
• GREATER CONTROL
• DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES
  LINKED BY NETWORKS
• MORE FLEXIBILITY
• FASTER RESPONSE

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DOWNSIZING

• TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO
  SMALL
• REDUCES COST
• SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER
• COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST
• COOPERATIVE PROCESSING

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SHARING COMPUTERS

• NETWORK COMPUTER Simplified desktop computer
  stores minimum data to function (uses server)
• PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING Networked computers share
  data, disk space, processing. Parallel processing
  on a smaller scale

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MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS

• UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
• DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP Hardware,
  software, installation, training, support,
  maintenance, infrastructure
• PLAN CAPACITY SCALABILITY
• IDENTIFY TRENDS

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SOFTWARE

• DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER
  OPERATION
• PROGRAM SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTER
• STORED PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE
• SYSTEM SOFTWARE MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES
• APPLICATION SOFTWARE SPECIFIC BUSINESS
  APPLICATION

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SOFTWARE
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MULTIPROGRAMMING
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MULTITASKING

• MULTIPROGRAMMING ON A SINGLE-USER SYSTEM SUCH AS
  A MICROCOMPUTER

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MULTITHREADING

• ABILITY TO EXECUTE DIFFERENT PARTS (THREADS) OF A
  PROGRAM SIMULTANEOUSLY

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VIRTUAL STORAGE

• METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY
  STORAGE
• PROGRAM DIVIDED INTO
• FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR
• VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)
• CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGE
• PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE

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TIME SHARING

• MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU
• TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g. 2
  MICROSECONDS)
• EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICE
• SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE
• USERS JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE

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MULTIPROCESSING

• TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM
• PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY
  MULTIPLE CPUs
• CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY

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LANGUAGE TRANSLATION

• SOURCE CODE HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS
• COMPILER TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE
  LANGUAGE
• OBJECT CODE TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR
  COMPUTER

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TRANSLATION PROCESS
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GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

• OPERATING SYSTEM USES
• GRAPHIC ICONS Icons, buttons, bars, boxes
• POINTER Mouse, pen, touch screen
• TO ISSUE COMMANDS
• MAKE SELECTIONS

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MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
FEATURES

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MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
FEATURES
Unix
For powerful microcomputers, workstations,
minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user
processing, networking. Portable to various
computer platforms
Linux
Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs
on many Platforms. Open-source
Mac OS
For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful
graphics, multimedia
DOS
For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program
memory 640K
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GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

• 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE binary code
• 2nd. Since early 50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
  mnemonics for numeric code
• 3rd. Since mid 50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
• 4th. Since late 70s. MODERN APPLICATION
  PACKAGES

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HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) Scientific,
  Engineering applications
• COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
  Predominant for transaction processing
• BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
  Code) General purpose PC language

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HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

• PASCAL Used to teach structured programming
  practices. Weak in file handling, input / output
• C and C Powerful PC Language for developing
  applications. Efficient execution cross
  platform. C is object oriented

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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

• CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS
• NONPROCEDURAL
• CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY
• NATURAL LANGUAGES
• SIX CATEGORIES

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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

• 1. QUERY LANGUAGES
• Rapidly retrieve data
• Interactive/ on-line
• May use NATURAL LANGUAGE
• Support special requests for data from relational
  databases

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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

• 2. REPORT GENERATORS
• Create customized reports
• Wide range of formats
• 3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES
• Can manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videos
• Presentation managers

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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

• 4. APPLICATION GENERATORS
• User specifies computer needs
• Generator creates logic and code for application
• Greatly reduces development time

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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

• 5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• Professional programmer productivity tool
• Uses fewer instructions
• Reduces development time

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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

• 7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE Commercially available set
  of programs...
• WORD PROCESSING
• SPREADSHEETS
• DATA MANAGEMENT
• PRESENTATION MANAGEMENT
• INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE
  TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE

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SOFTWARE TOOLS

• WORD PROCESSING
• SPREADSHEETS
• DATA MANAGEMENT
• PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
• INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES
• E-MAIL
• WEB BROWSERS
• GROUPWARE

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GROUPWARE CAPABILITIES

• GROUP WRITING COMMENTING
• ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION
• SCHEDULING MEETINGS APPOINTMENTS
• SHARED FILES DATABASES
• SHARED TIME LINES PLANS
• ELECTRONIC MEETINGS CONFERENCES

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MIDDLEWARE

• SOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS TO
  EXCHANGE DATA

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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

• COMBINES DATA PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT
• PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM
  EMBEDDED PROCEDURE
• OBJECTS DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM
• CREATES REUSABLE CODE
• REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARE

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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

• VISUAL PROGRAMMING SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS
  RATHER THAN WRITE CODE
• CLASS ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES
  OF THAT CLASS
• INHERITANCE SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF
  A MORE GENERAL CLASS
• OVERRIDE SUBCLASS MAY OVERRIDE INHERITED METHOD
  (e.g. Printout of an HOURLY worker pay check may
  differ from that of a WEEKLY worker

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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

• JAVA Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED
  PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
• APPLET TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION
• APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK
• RUN ON ANY COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM
• RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC
• ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE

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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

• HTML Hypertext markup language, current favorite
  for Web pages
• XML eXtensible Markup Language, further
  development of HTML describes data more fully
• XHTML Hybrid may replace HTML as standard for
  Web

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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

• ActiveX Controls for Windows software
  environment to enable OBJECTS e.g.,
• CHARTS
• TABLES
• ANIMATIONS
• to be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGE

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MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS

• RENT OR BUILD DECISIONS
• APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS
• SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE

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SELECTING ORGANIZATIONAL SOFTWARE

• APPROPRIATENESS
• EFFICIENCY
• COMPATIBILITY
• SUPPORT

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W e e k
3
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY