Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia

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10th May 2008

• Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of
  East Anglia
• Elizabeth Fry Building
• ZICER
• CHP Generation at UEA

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Original buildings
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Nelson Court
Constable Terrace
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Low Energy Educational Buildings Düsük Enerjili
Egitim Binalari
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The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Elizabeth Fry Binasi - 1994
Cost 6 more but has heating requirement 20 of
average building at time. Significantly
outperforms even latest Building
Regulations. Runs on a single domestic sized
central heating boiler.
Maliyeti 6 daha fazla olsada, isinma ihtiyaci
zamanin ortalama binalarinin 20si. En son
Bina Yönetmeliklerini bile büyük ölçüde
asmaktadir. Tek bir ev tipi merkezi isitma kazani
ile çalismaktadir.
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Conservation management improvements
User Satisfaction
thermal comfort 28
air quality 36
lighting 25
noise 26
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy
consumption.
A Low Energy Building is also a better place to
work in
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ZICER Building
Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005
awarded by the Carbon Trust.

• Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003
  was reduced by further 50 by careful record
  keeping, management techniques and an adaptive
  approach to control.
• Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor

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The ZICER Building - Description

• Four storeys high and a basement
• Total floor area of 2860 sq.m
• Two construction types

• Main part of the building
• High in thermal mass
• Air tight
• High insulation standards
• Triple glazing with low emissivity

Structural Engineers Whitby Bird
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Operation of the Main Building

• Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow
  core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the
  space

Recovers 87 of Ventilation Heat Requirement.
Return stale air is extracted from each floor
Air enters the internal occupied space
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Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used
to store heat and coolness at different times of
the year to provide comfortable and stable
temperatures
Draws out the heat accumulated during the day
Summer night
night ventilation/ free cooling
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Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used
to store heat and coolness at different times of
the year to provide comfortable and stable
temperatures
Summer day
The concrete absorbs and stores the heat like a
radiator in reverse
Pre-cools the air before entering the occupied
space
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Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used
to store heat and coolness at different times of
the year to provide comfortable and stable
temperatures
Winter Day
Winter day
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Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used
to store heat and coolness at different times of
the year to provide comfortable and stable
temperatures
Winter Night
Winter night
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Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
The space heating consumption has reduced by 57
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ZICER Building
Photo shows only part of top Floor

• Top floor is an exhibition area also to promote
  PV
• Windows are semi transparent
• Mono-crystalline PV on roof 27 kW in 10
  arrays
• Poly- crystalline on façade 6/7 kW in 3 arrays

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Performance of PV cells on ZICER
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Performance of PV cells on ZICER
All arrays of cells on roof have similar
performance respond to actual solar radiation
The three arrays on the façade respond
differently
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Arrangement of Cells on Facade
Individual cells are connected horizontally
If individual cells are connected vertically,
only those cells actually in shadow are affected.
As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive
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Use of PV generated energy
Peak output is 34 kW
Sometimes electricity is exported
Inverters are only 91 efficient
Most use is for computers
DC power packs are inefficient typically less
than 60 efficient
Need an integrated approach
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Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of
Generated Electricity
Grant was 172 000 out of a total of 480 000
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Conversion efficiency improvements Building
Scale CHP
Localised generation makes use of waste
heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly
61 Flue Losses
36 efficient
86 efficient
Engine heat Exchanger
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Before installation
After installation
This represents a 33 saving in carbon dioxide
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer plant cannot
be used effectively
More electricity could be generated in summer
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Normal Chilling
Adsorption Chilling
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A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW ?????

• Uses Waste Heat from CHP
• provides most of chilling requirements in
  summer

• ? CHP?????
• ?????????????

• Reduces electricity demand in summer
• Increases electricity generated locally
• Saves 500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

• ??????
• ???????
• ????500 ?????

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Results of the Big Switch-Off
With a concerted effort savings of 25 or more
are possible
How can these be translated into long term
savings?
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Conclusions

• Buildings built to low energy standards have cost
  5 more, but savings have recouped extra costs
  in around 5 years.
• Ventilation heat requirements can be large and
  efficient heat recovery is important.
• Effective adaptive energy management can reduce
  heating energy requirements in a low energy
  building by 50 or more.
• Photovoltaic cells need to take account of
  intended use of electricity use in building to
  get the optimum value.
• Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions
  significantly
• Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure
  optimum utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce
  electricity demand, and allow increased
  generation of electricity locally.
• Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25
  savings
• The Future for UEA Biomass CHP? Wind Turbines?

"If you do not change direction, you may end up
where you are heading."
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist
philosopher
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Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of
East Anglia
Keith Tovey (???) Energy Science Director HSBC
Director of Low Carbon Innovation