Jpn 105 Lesson 1 Objectives

1
Jpn 105 Lesson 1 Objectives

• Understand the difference between ru and eru
  ending Japanese verbs.
• Be able to create the root form of a verb from
  the dictionary form.
• Be able to form the plain and polite present,
  past, and negative forms of u dropping and ru
  dropping verbs.
• Be able to create the te imasu (progressive)
  form of a verb from the verb root.
• Be able to form Japanese sentences that use
  structures corresponding to relative pronouns in
  English.

2
Three categories of Japanese verbs

• -u dropping
• -ru dropping
• Irregular only two in Japanese (kuru to
  come and suru to do)

3
ru-dropping verbs

• Also called vowel conjugation verbs.
• When final ru is dropped, stem ends with
  vowel (taberu ? tabe).
• Also called v-stem verbs.
• Most verbs ending eru or iru
• Find stem by dropping the final ru from the
  dictionary form.
• The gerund is the same as the verb stem.
• -masu (polite present) form created by adding
  masu to the gerund form

4
Stem of ru-dropping verbs

• ageru age- to give
• dekiru deki- to be able to do
• iru i- to be
• miru mi- to see
• neru ne- to sleep
• taberu tabe- to eat
• kangaeru kangae - to think
• kiru ki- to wear
• kaeru kae- to change

5
u-dropping verbs

• Also called consonant conjugation verbs.
• When final u is dropped, stem ends
  with consonant (asobu ? asob).
• Also called c-stem verbs.
• End in anything BUT eru or iru.
• Find stem by dropping the final u from the
  dictionary form.
• Gerund form is created by adding i to the
  stem.
• -masu (polite present) form created by adding
  masu to the gerund form.

6
Stem of u-dropping verbs

• isogu isog- to hurry
• kaku kak- to write
• nuru nur- to paint
• tobu tob- to fly
• shinu shin- to die
• iku ik- to go

7
u-dropping verbs

• Special case for verbs ending in su
• Stem ends in sh before suffixes beginning with
  i
• Dasu ? dashi- -masu dashimasu (put out,
  send)

8
u-dropping verbs

• Special case for verbs ending in tsu
• Stem ends in ch before suffixes beginning with
  i
• matsu ? machi- -masu machimasu (to wait)

9
u-dropping verbs

• Special case for verbs ending in au, -iu or -ou
• Considered u dropping because of missing w
  required in some negative forms (w is dropped in
  all but negative forms)
• shimau ? shima(w)- ? -anai
  ? shimawanai
• kau ? ka(w)- ?
  -anai ? kawanai
• iu ? i(w)- ?
  -anai ? iwanai
• omou ? omo(w)- ?
  -anai ? omowanai

10
u-dropping verbs

• Special case of verbs ending in eru or iru that
  belong to u-dropping category
• hairu (to enter) hairi- ? hairimasu
• kaeru (to return) kaeri- ? kaerimasu
• kaeru (to change) is ru dropping ? kaemasu
• shiru (to know) shiri- ? shirimasu
• kiru (to cut) kiri- ? kirimasu
• kiru (to wear) is ru dropping ? kimasu
• iru (to need) iri- ? irimasu
• iru (to be) is ru dropping i ? imasu

11
Verb Conjugation

• Japanese has only two tenses
• Past
• Non-past
• No exact equivalents in English
• Present form
• Plain positive Plain negative
• Polite positive Polite negative
• Past form
• Plain positive Plain negative
• Polite positive Polite negative
• Progressive form (plain, polite, positive,
  negative)

12
Verb Conjugation

• Polite present form
• Add masu to gerund of u-dropping verb
• kaku ? kaki- ? kakimasu (to write) (I
  write)
• Add masu to gerund (or stem) of ru-dropping verb
• taberu ? tabe- ? tabemasu (to eat) (I eat)

13
Verb Conjugation

• Polite present negative form
• Add masen to gerund of u-dropping verb
• kaku ? kaki- ? kakimasen (to write) (I dont
  write)
• or
• Add masen to gerund (or stem) of ru-dropping
  verb
• taberu ? tabe- ? tabemasen (to eat) (I dont
  eat)

14
Verb Conjugation

• Plain present
• The dictionary form of a u-dropping verb is the
  plain present form
• kaku ? kaku (to write) (I write)
• The dictionary form of an ru-dropping verb is the
  plain present form
• taberu ? taberu (to eat) (I eat)

15
Verb Conjugation

• Plain present negative
• Add anai to stem of u-dropping verb
• kaku ? kak ? kakanai (to write) (to not
  write)
• Add nai to stem of ru-dropping verb
• taberu ? tabe ? tabenai (to eat) (to not eat)
• iru ? i ? inai (to be) (to not be)

16
Verb Conjugation

• Polite past
• Add mashita to gerund of u-dropping verb
• kaku ? kaki- ? kakimashita (to write)
  (wrote)
• or
• Add mashita to gerund (or stem) of ru-dropping
  verb
• taberu ? tabe- ? tabemashita (to eat) (ate)
• iru ? i ? imashita (to be) (was)

17
Verb Conjugation

• Polite past negative
• Add masen deshita to gerund of u-dropping verb
• kaku ? kaki- ? kakimasen deshita (to write)
  (didnt write)
• Add masen deshita to gerund (or stem) of
  ru-dropping verb
• taberu ? tabe- ? tabemasen deshita (to eat)
  (didnt eat)

18
Verb Conjugation

• Plain past u-ending verb
• Dictionary form ending in -u -tsu -ru
• omou omotta (to think) (thought) (add tta to
  stem)
• motsu motta (to have) (had) (drop tsu, add
  tta)
• nuru nutta (to paint) (painted) (drop ru, add
  tta)
• Dictionary form ending in -mu -nu -bu
• nomu nonda (to drink) (drank) (drop mu, add
  nda)
• shinu shinda (to die) (died) (drop nu,
  add nda)
• tobu tonda (to fly) (the bird flew)
  drop bu, add nda)
• Dictionary form ending in ku -su -gu
• kiku kiita (to ask hear) (asked) (drop
  ku, add -ita)
• hanasu hanashita (to speak) (spoke) (drop su,
  add -shita)
• oyogu oyoida (to swim) (swam) (drop gu, add
  -ida)

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Verb Conjugation

• Plain past ru-ending verb
• Add ta to the verb stem
• miru mi- mita (to see) (saw)
• taberu tabe- tabeta (to eat) (ate)
• kaeru kae kaeta (to change) (changed)

20
Verb Conjugation

• Plain past negative
• Add anakatta to stem of u-dropping verb
• kaku ? kak- ? kakanakatta (to write) (didnt
  write)
• (or change -i from plain past negative -anai to
  katta)
• nomanai ? nomanakatta
• Add nakatta to stem of ru-dropping verb
• taberu ? tabe- ? tabenakatta (to eat) (didnt
  eat)
• (or change i from plain past negative nai to
  katta
• tabenai ? tabenakatta
• inai ? inakatta

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Irregular Verb - suru

• Polite present shimasu shimasen
• Plain present suru shinai
• Polite past shimashita shimasen deshita
• Plain past shita shinakatta

22
Irregular Verb - kuru

• Polite present kimasu kimasen
• Plain present kuru konai
• Polite past kimashita kimasen deshita
• Plain past kita konakatta

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Gerund Base

• -u dropping verb
• Add i to the verb stem
• nomu ? nom- ? nomi- ni iku to go to
  drink, for example
• -ru dropping verb
• Add nothing to the verb stem
• taberu ? tabe ? tabe- ni iku to go to eat,
  for example

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The Conjunctive (-te form)

• The conjunctive, or te form, is used as a
  connective verb form and to construct other verb
  patterns
• Create the te form by changing the finala of
  the plain past form to e
• yomu yonda yonde imasu I am reading
• taberu tabeta tabete imasu I am eating
• motsu motta motte imasu I am having
• iku (to go) is a special case
• iku itte itte imasu I am going

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The present progressive form(-te imasu form)

• Shows action in progress, continuous action, or
  state of being
• It cannot be used to show future tense
• Add the appropriate form of the verb iru to the
  gerund or te form
• Iru, in this case is used with both animate and
  inanimate objects.

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The present progressive form

• aruku (to walk)
• aruita aruite a form of iru
• Polite progressive aruite imasu
• Plain progressive aruite iru
• Polite progressive, negative aruite imasen
• Plain progressive, negative aruite inai
• Polite past progressive aruite imashita
• Plain past progressive aruite ita
• Polite past progressive, neg. aruite imasen
  deshita
• Plain past progressive, neg. aruite inakatta

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The present progressive form

• When the meaning is a state of being, the verb is
  often intransitive (does not take an object)
• mise ga shimatte imasu
• The store is closed.
• Tookyoo ni itte imasu
• I am going to Tokyo
• Kyooto ni gonen-kan sunde imasu.
• I have been living in Kyoto for five years

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Relative Pronouns

• Japanese does not use relative pronouns (like
  who, that, which) for relative clauses
• Some version of the plain verbal form is used as
  a modifier for a phrase the construction is
  translated into English using a relative pronoun
  (either implicit or explicit)
• tabeta sakana the fish (that) I ate
• taberu sakana the fish (that) I eat
• tabetai sakana the fish (that) I want to eat
• tabete iru sakana the fish (that) I am eating
• tabenakatta sakana the fish (that) I did not eat
• tabete inakatta sakana the fish (that) I was not
  eating
• mita hito wa anata no tomodachi deshita
• The person (who) I saw was your friend.