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Jpn 105 Lesson 1 Objectives

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Also called vowel conjugation verbs. ... Verb Conjugation. Polite present negative form: Add masen to gerund of u-dropping verb ... Verb Conjugation. Plain present ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Jpn 105 Lesson 1 Objectives


1
Jpn 105 Lesson 1 Objectives
  • Understand the difference between ru and eru
    ending Japanese verbs.
  • Be able to create the root form of a verb from
    the dictionary form.
  • Be able to form the plain and polite present,
    past, and negative forms of u dropping and ru
    dropping verbs.
  • Be able to create the te imasu (progressive)
    form of a verb from the verb root.
  • Be able to form Japanese sentences that use
    structures corresponding to relative pronouns in
    English.

2
Three categories of Japanese verbs
  • -u dropping
  • -ru dropping
  • Irregular only two in Japanese (kuru to
    come and suru to do)

3
ru-dropping verbs
  • Also called vowel conjugation verbs.
  • When final ru is dropped, stem ends with
    vowel (taberu ? tabe).
  • Also called v-stem verbs.
  • Most verbs ending eru or iru
  • Find stem by dropping the final ru from the
    dictionary form.
  • The gerund is the same as the verb stem.
  • -masu (polite present) form created by adding
    masu to the gerund form

4
Stem of ru-dropping verbs
  • ageru age- to give
  • dekiru deki- to be able to do
  • iru i- to be
  • miru mi- to see
  • neru ne- to sleep
  • taberu tabe- to eat
  • kangaeru kangae - to think
  • kiru ki- to wear
  • kaeru kae- to change

5
u-dropping verbs
  • Also called consonant conjugation verbs.
  • When final u is dropped, stem ends
    with consonant (asobu ? asob).
  • Also called c-stem verbs.
  • End in anything BUT eru or iru.
  • Find stem by dropping the final u from the
    dictionary form.
  • Gerund form is created by adding i to the
    stem.
  • -masu (polite present) form created by adding
    masu to the gerund form.

6
Stem of u-dropping verbs
  • isogu isog- to hurry
  • kaku kak- to write
  • nuru nur- to paint
  • tobu tob- to fly
  • shinu shin- to die
  • iku ik- to go

7
u-dropping verbs
  • Special case for verbs ending in su
  • Stem ends in sh before suffixes beginning with
    i
  • Dasu ? dashi- -masu dashimasu (put out,
    send)

8
u-dropping verbs
  • Special case for verbs ending in tsu
  • Stem ends in ch before suffixes beginning with
    i
  • matsu ? machi- -masu machimasu (to wait)

9
u-dropping verbs
  • Special case for verbs ending in au, -iu or -ou
  • Considered u dropping because of missing w
    required in some negative forms (w is dropped in
    all but negative forms)
  • shimau ? shima(w)- ? -anai
    ? shimawanai
  • kau ? ka(w)- ?
    -anai ? kawanai
  • iu ? i(w)- ?
    -anai ? iwanai
  • omou ? omo(w)- ?
    -anai ? omowanai

10
u-dropping verbs
  • Special case of verbs ending in eru or iru that
    belong to u-dropping category
  • hairu (to enter) hairi- ? hairimasu
  • kaeru (to return) kaeri- ? kaerimasu
  • kaeru (to change) is ru dropping ? kaemasu
  • shiru (to know) shiri- ? shirimasu
  • kiru (to cut) kiri- ? kirimasu
  • kiru (to wear) is ru dropping ? kimasu
  • iru (to need) iri- ? irimasu
  • iru (to be) is ru dropping i ? imasu

11
Verb Conjugation
  • Japanese has only two tenses
  • Past
  • Non-past
  • No exact equivalents in English
  • Present form
  • Plain positive Plain negative
  • Polite positive Polite negative
  • Past form
  • Plain positive Plain negative
  • Polite positive Polite negative
  • Progressive form (plain, polite, positive,
    negative)

12
Verb Conjugation
  • Polite present form
  • Add masu to gerund of u-dropping verb
  • kaku ? kaki- ? kakimasu (to write) (I
    write)
  • Add masu to gerund (or stem) of ru-dropping verb
  • taberu ? tabe- ? tabemasu (to eat) (I eat)

13
Verb Conjugation
  • Polite present negative form
  • Add masen to gerund of u-dropping verb
  • kaku ? kaki- ? kakimasen (to write) (I dont
    write)
  • or
  • Add masen to gerund (or stem) of ru-dropping
    verb
  • taberu ? tabe- ? tabemasen (to eat) (I dont
    eat)

14
Verb Conjugation
  • Plain present
  • The dictionary form of a u-dropping verb is the
    plain present form
  • kaku ? kaku (to write) (I write)
  • The dictionary form of an ru-dropping verb is the
    plain present form
  • taberu ? taberu (to eat) (I eat)

15
Verb Conjugation
  • Plain present negative
  • Add anai to stem of u-dropping verb
  • kaku ? kak ? kakanai (to write) (to not
    write)
  • Add nai to stem of ru-dropping verb
  • taberu ? tabe ? tabenai (to eat) (to not eat)
  • iru ? i ? inai (to be) (to not be)

16
Verb Conjugation
  • Polite past
  • Add mashita to gerund of u-dropping verb
  • kaku ? kaki- ? kakimashita (to write)
    (wrote)
  • or
  • Add mashita to gerund (or stem) of ru-dropping
    verb
  • taberu ? tabe- ? tabemashita (to eat) (ate)
  • iru ? i ? imashita (to be) (was)

17
Verb Conjugation
  • Polite past negative
  • Add masen deshita to gerund of u-dropping verb
  • kaku ? kaki- ? kakimasen deshita (to write)
    (didnt write)
  • Add masen deshita to gerund (or stem) of
    ru-dropping verb
  • taberu ? tabe- ? tabemasen deshita (to eat)
    (didnt eat)

18
Verb Conjugation
  • Plain past u-ending verb
  • Dictionary form ending in -u -tsu -ru
  • omou omotta (to think) (thought) (add tta to
    stem)
  • motsu motta (to have) (had) (drop tsu, add
    tta)
  • nuru nutta (to paint) (painted) (drop ru, add
    tta)
  • Dictionary form ending in -mu -nu -bu
  • nomu nonda (to drink) (drank) (drop mu, add
    nda)
  • shinu shinda (to die) (died) (drop nu,
    add nda)
  • tobu tonda (to fly) (the bird flew)
    drop bu, add nda)
  • Dictionary form ending in ku -su -gu
  • kiku kiita (to ask hear) (asked) (drop
    ku, add -ita)
  • hanasu hanashita (to speak) (spoke) (drop su,
    add -shita)
  • oyogu oyoida (to swim) (swam) (drop gu, add
    -ida)

19
Verb Conjugation
  • Plain past ru-ending verb
  • Add ta to the verb stem
  • miru mi- mita (to see) (saw)
  • taberu tabe- tabeta (to eat) (ate)
  • kaeru kae kaeta (to change) (changed)

20
Verb Conjugation
  • Plain past negative
  • Add anakatta to stem of u-dropping verb
  • kaku ? kak- ? kakanakatta (to write) (didnt
    write)
  • (or change -i from plain past negative -anai to
    katta)
  • nomanai ? nomanakatta
  • Add nakatta to stem of ru-dropping verb
  • taberu ? tabe- ? tabenakatta (to eat) (didnt
    eat)
  • (or change i from plain past negative nai to
    katta
  • tabenai ? tabenakatta
  • inai ? inakatta

21
Irregular Verb - suru
  • Polite present shimasu shimasen
  • Plain present suru shinai
  • Polite past shimashita shimasen deshita
  • Plain past shita shinakatta

22
Irregular Verb - kuru
  • Polite present kimasu kimasen
  • Plain present kuru konai
  • Polite past kimashita kimasen deshita
  • Plain past kita konakatta

23
Gerund Base
  • -u dropping verb
  • Add i to the verb stem
  • nomu ? nom- ? nomi- ni iku to go to
    drink, for example
  • -ru dropping verb
  • Add nothing to the verb stem
  • taberu ? tabe ? tabe- ni iku to go to eat,
    for example

24
The Conjunctive (-te form)
  • The conjunctive, or te form, is used as a
    connective verb form and to construct other verb
    patterns
  • Create the te form by changing the finala of
    the plain past form to e
  • yomu yonda yonde imasu I am reading
  • taberu tabeta tabete imasu I am eating
  • motsu motta motte imasu I am having
  • iku (to go) is a special case
  • iku itte itte imasu I am going

25
The present progressive form(-te imasu form)
  • Shows action in progress, continuous action, or
    state of being
  • It cannot be used to show future tense
  • Add the appropriate form of the verb iru to the
    gerund or te form
  • Iru, in this case is used with both animate and
    inanimate objects.

26
The present progressive form
  • aruku (to walk)
  • aruita aruite a form of iru
  • Polite progressive aruite imasu
  • Plain progressive aruite iru
  • Polite progressive, negative aruite imasen
  • Plain progressive, negative aruite inai
  • Polite past progressive aruite imashita
  • Plain past progressive aruite ita
  • Polite past progressive, neg. aruite imasen
    deshita
  • Plain past progressive, neg. aruite inakatta

27
The present progressive form
  • When the meaning is a state of being, the verb is
    often intransitive (does not take an object)
  • mise ga shimatte imasu
  • The store is closed.
  • Tookyoo ni itte imasu
  • I am going to Tokyo
  • Kyooto ni gonen-kan sunde imasu.
  • I have been living in Kyoto for five years

28
Relative Pronouns
  • Japanese does not use relative pronouns (like
    who, that, which) for relative clauses
  • Some version of the plain verbal form is used as
    a modifier for a phrase the construction is
    translated into English using a relative pronoun
    (either implicit or explicit)
  • tabeta sakana the fish (that) I ate
  • taberu sakana the fish (that) I eat
  • tabetai sakana the fish (that) I want to eat
  • tabete iru sakana the fish (that) I am eating
  • tabenakatta sakana the fish (that) I did not eat
  • tabete inakatta sakana the fish (that) I was not
    eating
  • mita hito wa anata no tomodachi deshita
  • The person (who) I saw was your friend.
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