12 Blood

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12 Blood

• I. Blood
• II. Plasma
• III. Blood Smears
• IV. Erythrocytes
• V. Leukocytes

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I. Blood

• A. Components
• 1. plasma
• 2. formed elements
• a. erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
• B. Blood serum
• 1. fluid formed when blood clots
• C. Hematocrit
• 1. percent of erythrocytes in uncoagulated
  blood
• D. Buffy coat
• 1. centrifuged whole blood results in
  erythrocytes at bottom, serum at top, and buffy
  coat (leukocytes) in between (12.1)

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II. Plasma

• A. 90 water
• B. 7 plasma proteins
• 1. albumin
• 2. globulins
• 3. fibrinogen
• C. 2 organic solutes
• 1. amino acids
• 2. vitamins
• 3. hormones
• 4. lipoproteins
• D. 1 inorganic salts
• E. dissolved gases

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III. Blood Smears

• A. spread drop of fresh blood on slide
• B. air dry
• C. fix and stain
• D. Wrights stain
• 1. red acid dye
• 2. blue basic dye
• E. coverslip

http//www.path.uiowa.edu/cgi-bin-pub/vs/histo_pat
h/nlm_histo_list.cgi?cato_hematodivnlm
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IV. Erythrocytes

• A. Structure
• 1. biconcave disk (12.3)
• 2. 8 mm diameter
• 3. flexible elastic
• 4. 33 hemoglobin
• 5. lack nucleus organelles
• 6. 120 day life span

SEM
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IV. Erythrocytes

• B. Sickle Cell Anemia (12.4)
• 1. point mutation of 1 nucleotide
• 2. one aa substitution
• 3. deoxygenated HbS polymerizes
• 4. sickled erythrocyte
• 5. inflexible
• 6. viscous blood
• 7. anoxia (crisis)

SEM sickled rbc
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V. Leukocytes

• A. Granulocytes 12-5
• 1. nucleus gt1 lobe
• 2. granules
• 3. life span few days
• 4. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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V. Leukocytes

• B. Agranulocytes 12-5
• 1. nucleus round or horseshoe shape
• 2. no specific granules
• 3. lymphocytes monocytes

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V. Leukocytes

• C. Neutrophils (12.5,12.6)
• 1. 60-70 of leukocytes
• 2. 12-15 mm diameter
• 3. nucleus 2-5 lobes

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V. Leukocytes

• C. Neutrophils
• 4. specific granules (12.7)
• a. alkaline phosphatase
• b. collagenase
• c. lactoferrin
• d. lysozyme
• e. antibacterial basic proteins

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V. Leukocytes

• C. Neutrophils (12.7)
• 5. azurophilic granules
• a. lysosomes
• 6. life span 1-4 days in CT
• 7. function
• a. defense against bacterial infection
• b. diapedesis, phagocytosis

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V. Leukocytes

• D. Eosinophils (12.10)
• 1. 2-4 of leukocytes
• 2. 12-15 mm diameter
• 3. bilobed nucleus
• 4. 200 eosinophilic granules

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V. Leukocytes

• D. Eosinophils
• 4. 200 eosinophilic granules (12.5,12.8)
• 5. antiparasitic modulate inflammation

Note staining of rbcs indicates acid stain
color, which may vary considerably. Giemsa stain.
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V. Leukocytes

• E. Basophils (12.13, 12.12)
• 1. lt 1 of leukocytes
• 2. 12-15 mm diam.
• 3. 0.5 mm diam.basophilic granules

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V. Leukocytes

• E. Basophils
• 3. 0.5 mm diam. basophilic granules (12.12)
• a. heparin
• b. histamine
• 4. supplement mast cells in allergic rxn

(note crenated rbcs usually caused by preparation
methods)
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V. Leukocytes

• F. Lymphocytes (12.16,12.15)
• 1. 6-8 mm diameter
• 2. nucleus spherical, intensely stained
• 3. cytoplasm scanty

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V. Leukocytes

• G. Monocytes
• 1. 12-20 mm diameter (12.18,12.17)
• 2. nucleus oval, horseshoe/kidney shaped,
  eccentric
• 3. become wandering macrophages after
  diapedesis

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V. Leukocytes

• H. Platelets (12.19,12.9)
• 1. 2-4 mm cell fragments
• 2. derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
• 3. promote blood clotting

Platelet next to basophil
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13 Hematopoiesis

• Skip this chapter! The study of developing blood
  cells is very subjective, complicated, and takes
  more time than we have available.