Chapter 2 Writing Paragraphs

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Chapter 2 Writing Paragraphs
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Contents

• I. Structure of Paragraph
• II. Characteristics of Paragraph
• III. Patterns of Paragraph Development
• IV. Class work Practice

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• A paragraph is a component part of a passage.
  Each paragraph has only one focus, so what is
  written should be closely related to the focus.

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I. Structure of Paragraph
Topic Sentence
Detail 2
Detail 1
Detail 3
Concluding Sentence
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Example My Cousin Kay

• My cousin Kay is very rude when she is around me.
  (1)When she comes to town to visit our relatives,
  she doesnt speak a word to me. (2)When I am
  around her, Kay ignores me completely, although
  when I am not around her, her big loud mouth is
  always taking about me behind my back.
• (3)She probably acts like this because she
  dislikes me, and she does not want to have
  anything to do with me. Kay is not an easy person
  to get along with because she is rude and
  immature.

• ???
• ???1
• ???2
• ???3
• ???

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Topic SentenceTopic controlling idea (?? ??)

• Controlling idea
• is very rude when she is around me.
• for various reasons.
• one of the essential activities in our society.

• Topic
• My cousin Kay
• People take part in sports
• Traffic is

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Supporting Details

• 1. ????
• 2. ????
• 3. ????(10-15 words longer)

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Concluding Sentence

• 1. Summary of the main idea
• 2. Restatement of the topic Sentence

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II. Characteristics of Paragraph

• 1. Unity
• 2. Coherence

Deal with a single topic State a single thought
Focus on the topic sentence
1) The part of the paragraph should be logically
connected. 2) Each sentence naturally leads to
the next sentence in explaining and developing
the central idea. 3) The paragraph is an
integrated whole, rather than a collection of
separate sentences.
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Patterns of Paragraph Development

• 1. by Listing (???)
• for one thing, for another
• to begin with, first, second, also, besides,
  moreover, finally
• one, another, still another, etc.

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Patterns of Paragraph Development

• 2. by Exemplification (???)
• for example, for instance, for another example
• one example is, another example is
• also, furthermore, moreover, besides, in
  addition, etc.

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Class work

• Develop the following topic sentence into a
  paragraph, by using listing or exemplification.
• There are a number of ways for us to keep
  fit. ____________

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Sample

• There are a number of ways for us to keep fit.
  First, no matter how busy we are, we should have
  exercise every day to strengthen our muscles.
  Second, it is important to keep good hours. For
  example, if we are in the habit of going to bed
  early and getting up early, we can avoid
  overworking ourselves and get enough sleep.
  Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that
  we may have some moments of relaxation. If we
  follow those instructions, we will certainly be
  in good health.

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Patterns of Paragraph Development

• 3. by Cause and Effect ( ???)
• because, since, as, owing to, because of,
  accordingly, as a result, as a result of,
  therefore, so, thus, consequently, for this
  reason
• (??)to cause, to produce, to bring about, to
  result in, to result from, to be responsible for,
  to be the result of, to be the cause of, to be
  due to, to be caused by, to have an effect on

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Example

• Colonists came to America for many different
  reasons. Some came for adventure. A few were
  religious refugees. Many came for economic
  reasons and for political freedom. Not all of the
  colonists achieved their goals.

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Patterns of Paragraph Development

• 4. by Comparison and Contrast (???)
• 1)?????,?????,?A1,A2,A3,. B1,B2,B3.
• 2) ??????,????,?A1,B1A2,B2A3,B3,.

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Transitional words used

• Comparison
• Like, similarly, in the same way, in the same
  manner
• Compared with
• Be the same as
• Be similar to

• Contrast
• Unlike,In contrast to
• On the one hand, on the other hand
• on the contrary,however, nevertheless, whereas,
  while
• But, yet, although, even though,
• Be different from, differ from

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Class work

• Develop the following topic sentence into a
  coherent paragraph.
• Compared with cars, bicycles have many
  advantages. First, ____________________.
  Secondly,________. Thirdly, __________.

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Sample

• Compared with cars, bicycles have many
  advantages. First, they are not so expensive as
  cars and almost every family can afford them.
  Secondly, though they run more slowly than cars,
  bicycles are very handy and convenient. Unlike
  cars, bicycles can carry you wherever you like it
  to and does not need a large parking space in the
  crowded downtown or a garage at home. Thirdly,
  bicycles do not cause pollution but cars do. They
  do good to your hearth, too.

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Homework

• Write two paragraphs based on the topic sentences
  given.
• 1. Smoking is a bad habit.
• 2. Traveling is a kind of education.