Audio Visual Media: media attributes and impact

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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
This presentation is designed to introduce you to
a range of audio visual communication media, and
to demonstrate how media may vary but the
information and even the form of the information
may remain the same. This lecture is backed up
with more detailed information that has been
placed at the course web-site http//www.hull.ac.
uk/php/edskas/
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
The story so far Pavlov introduced the idea that
animals (including human beings) were born with
certain innate reflexes that enabled them to deal
with their environment, but that they extended
their repertoires of behaviour through the
process of conditioning. Watson extended this
idea, suggesting that appropriate scheduling of
conditioning can turn any child into surgeon,
beggar or thief. Thorndike proposed a number of
laws of learning that could be applied to the
classroom to make education more efficient.
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
The story so far Thorndike also suggested that a
teacher was such a valuable resource that s/he
should not be used when a couple of sheets of
paper or a phonograph record would do the
job. He also suggested that a machine should be
constructed that would only move on to page 2
when the pupil had completed the tasks given on
page one. This idea was extended by Skinner in
1954, with the development of programmed
learning. The techniques evolved by the
Programmed Learning movement were shown to be
highly effective. Many of these techniques can
still be found in modern computer-based
programmes.
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
The story so far Thorndike was also a supporter
of the audio-visual approach to learning, which
involved realistic presentations using
phonographs, slides and films.
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
The following movie clip illustrates a variety of
different media as you watch the film clip, make
a note of the different media used, and think
about how such media have changed (or remained
the same) in the classrooms of today. Having
watched the clip, produce a simple method for
classifying media.
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Click the image to start the movie
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
What are the different media used, and how have
such media changed (or remained the same) in the
classrooms of today? Is it possible to produce a
simple method for classifying media?
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
When viewing the next sequence think about how
this differs from the previous approach, and how
it fits into a classification scheme for media.
Click the image to start the movie
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Again, when viewing the next sequence think about
how this differs from the previous approach, and
how it fits into a classification scheme for
media.
Click the image to start the movie
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Summary The first sequence with the young
children is a teacher paced lesson using a
filmstrip projector and tape recorder the lesson
also uses the flannel board and real objects.
It is an interactive lesson, under the direction
of the teacher, and places a great deal of
emphasis on oral communication, with pictorial
support text is not important in this lesson.
There are opportunities for individualised
learning, but this is limited.
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Summary The second sequence with the older
children is, again, a teacher paced lesson mainly
using tape recordings the lesson could also use
overhead projector transparencies (although this
is not shown in the clip) for visual support. It
is an interactive lesson, under the direction of
the teacher, and the emphasis is on oral
communication, with little pictorial support.
There are more opportunities for individualised
learning or small group learning.
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Summary The final sequence with the adults is
also a teacher paced lesson using tapes and,
where necessary, visual support from OHPs. It is
a highly interactive lesson, under the direction
of the teacher, and the emphasis is on oral
communication with extensive opportunities for
individualised learning.
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Summary So, a classification scheme could look
something like this teacher
paced individualised instruction Visual
display Audio presentation Human interaction
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Summary For the first clip the scheme would
be teacher paced individualised
instruction Visual display v Audio
presentation v Human interaction v
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Summary For the second clip the scheme would
be teacher paced individualised
instruction Visual display v Audio
presentation v v Human interaction v
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Summary The third scheme would be teacher
paced individualised instruction Visual
display v Audio presentation v v Human
interaction v v
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Summary Rowntree, Derek (1982) Educational
technology in curriculum development. London
Harper and Row. (JIB R8) Realia Pictorial Written
symbols Sound recordings Human interaction
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
Summary Rowntree, Derek (1982) Educational
technology in curriculum development. London
Harper and Row. (JIB R8) Realia Pictorial Written
symbols Sound recordings Human interaction
(machine interactions?)
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
What are the main attributes of the following
media?
Click the image to start the movie
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Audio Visual Mediamedia attributes and impact
What are the main attributes of the following
media? Film and video have the capacity to
encompass the modes of pictures (still and
moving), text symbols and recorded sound. The
particular attribute of these media, that makes
them more capable of representing a closer
approximation to reality, is motion. The aim of
early audio visual theorists was to bring
reality to the student because it would produce
greater learning and understanding. Do you think
this is the case?
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Audio Visual Mediabroadcast media (radio)
Can the programme teachers learn something while
they teach the younger children?
Click the image to start the movie
Thats a good question we found that while the
child is teaching he is learning more as an
older pupil
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Audio Visual Mediabroadcast media (radio)
Research clearly indicates that radio is
effective in instruction. Experimental studies
comparing radio teaching with other means or
media have found radio as effective as the
so-called conventional methods. Even though
radio has been criticized for being only an audio
medium, studies have shown that visual
elements in learning are not uniformly important.
In many educational situations visuals may be
more harmful than helpful. Also, the efficiency
of combined audio and visual media has been
challenged by studies which show that
multi-channel communications may not be
inherently more effective than single
channel presentations. Forsythe, R.D. (1970)
Instructional Radio a position paper. Stanford
University. ERIC ED 044 933
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Audio Visual Mediabroadcast media (satellite
television)
National Defence Education Act
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Audio Visual Mediabroadcast media (satellite
television)
National Defence Education Act National
Defense Education Act (NDEA), federal legislation
passed in 1958 providing aid to education in the
United States at all levels, public and private.
NDEA was instituted primarily to stimulate the
advancement of education in science, mathematics,
and modern foreign languages but it has also
provided aid in other areas, including technical
education, area studies, geography, English as a
second language, counseling and guidance, school
libraries and librarianship, and educational
media centers. The act provides institutions of
higher education with 90 of capital funds for
low-interest loans to students. NDEA also gives
federal support for improvement and change in
elementary and secondary education. The act
contains statutory prohibitions of federal
direction, supervision, or control over the
curriculum, program of instruction,
administration, or personnel of any educational
institution.
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Audio Visual Mediabroadcast media (satellite
television)
Jan. 31, 1958 First U.S. satellite, Explorer I,
is sent into orbit. July 15, 1958 Eisenhower
orders U.S. Marines into Lebanon at the request
of President Camille Chamoun. July 29, 1958
Eisenhower signs bill creating the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. Sept. 2,
1958 President Eisenhower signs the National
Defence Education Act, providing loans for
college students and funds to encourage young
people to enter teaching careers. Nov. 1958 to
early 1959 Khrushchev indicates that he plans to
sign an early peace treaty with East Germany and
he calls on the western powers to withdraw their
forces from West Berlin. The Big Four meet to
discuss Berlin and German reunification
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Audio Visual Mediabroadcast media (satellite
television)
1962 Telestar 1 launched. Transmits first live
trans-Atlantic telecasts between USA and Britain.
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Audio Visual Mediabroadcast media (satellite
television)
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Audio Visual MediaIndividualising learning
(the Audio-tutorial approach independent study
session)
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Audio Visual MediaIndividualising learning
(the Audio-tutorial approach general assembly
session)
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Audio Visual MediaIndividualising learning
(the Audio-tutorial approach integrated quiz
session)
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Audio Visual Media
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Audio Visual Media