What is Human Nature

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What is Human Nature?

• Nature argument behavior characteristics come
  from hereditary biological characteristics
  genetic composition, natural instincts
•  
• Nurture behavior is developed through social
  nurturing, social environment plays a major role
  in behavior characteristics. Behavior are learned
  through social contact,social interaction, social
  experience.

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Chapter 3 Socialization

• Socialization a life long process by which
  people learn the way of life, develop their
  potential and self-concept.
• Socialization is vital to our humanity
  nurturance, learn the way of life, support,
  self-identity.
• Self, gender, age is socially constructed
  through social interaction.
• Socialization influence not only how we express
  our emotions, but also what emotions we feel.

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Describe socialization

• Sigmund Freud psychoanalytical approach
  Personality has 3 parts
• id, ego, superego
• Biological drives/urges, or desires for
  self-gratification (id)
• balancer between natural drives and social
  control (ego)
• The social conscience we have internalized from
  social norms. (superego)

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Socialization is the continuous struggle between
people's natural desires and socialcontrol in
the mind.

• Well adjusted personality developsif ego
  successfully manages theopposing forces of id
  and the superego
• Personality disorder occurs if ego fails to
  resolve the conflict.

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Sociological Significance of Freud's theory

• Recognize that people internalize social norms.
• 2. Childhood experiences have lasting importance.

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Critics from sociologists

• put too much emphasis on the natural drives of
  human being
• believed that the primary force behind
  personality development was the MIND, not
  society.
• did not recognize change in personality, too much
  emphasis on childhood experiences.

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Piaget Cognitive development theory
(socialization involves learning,
knowledge-gaining process.

• Both biology and society play a part Biology
  determines the capacity of brain.Society
  determines the extent of knowledge you have
  access to and what type of information exposed to
  people
• 4 age-related stages age gets up, people more
  mature biologically, learning will be different.

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• Sensorimotor (0-2) stage learn by physical
  senses touch, feel, look, listen.
• Preoperational stage (2-7) learn symbols,
  develop language ability, but can not understand
  abstract ideas and take others perspective.
• Concrete operational stage (7-12) organize game
  successfully, only understand in concrete terms.
  Only quantity, not quality.

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Formal operational (12 over)

• Biologically capable of reason like adult. Learn
  abstract terms.
• Point Peoples understanding of the world is a
  result of biological maturation and increased
  social experiences.
• Critics neglects cultural differences.

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Behaviorism Individual behavior could be
determined entirely through social processes
(nurture), by learning conditions.

• Critics of sociologists
• The theory does not deal with real social
  environment.
• It neglects the importance of social structural
  factors.

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George Herbert Mead

• Socialization is a role-taking process
  (anticipate what others expect of you). Social
  interaction centers in symbolic thought and
  actions.
• Differences from psychology
• Self is absent at birth, no social interaction,
  body may grow, but no self emerge.
• Socialization involves taking the role of others
  
• There are 2 stages
• Play stage take the role of significant others
  and learn the basic rules for life.

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Game stage take the role of generalized others
internalize social norms

• Generalized others Cultural norms, dominant
  values and attitude, and general social
  expectation
• Self social self refers to self-awareness, self
  identity
• Two parts self I and Me
• I subjective, unsocialized part
• Me objective, socialized, as a result of
  role-taking.
• Charles Cooley looking-glass self people derive
  self-image by looking at others reaction.

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Life Course a series of stages people go through
in their lifetime.

• Socialization is a life long process.
• 4 age grades childhood, adolescence, adulthood,
  elderly.
• Life course study show that age grade have a lot
  to do with society, not merely a matter of
  biological process.
• Society tells people to act out their age.
• Age grades are defined differently in different
  cultrues.
• Societal expectation differ for each age group
• Social experiences affect aging process.

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Agents of socialization people or group, or
organization that are responsible for
socialization

• Family rules, gender, identity, basic way of
  society (particularistic social class, parents
  occupation influence socialization.)
• Social channeling Parents of different social
  status transmit to their children behavioral
  norms, values, lifestyles of their own group to
  prepare children for life of that particular
  group.

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• School universalistic general knowledge, treat
  as equal. Internalize norms, values of society
  Hidden Curriculum values, norms rules, sense of
  responsibility school teach children.
• Peers gain experience in forging social
  relations of their own, independent of adults.
• Media affects attitudes and opinions
• Church beliefs, morals
• Sports competition, team work
• workplace

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Resocialization

• To erase the negative effect of their former
  socialization, and instill new values, beliefs.
• Total institutions organizations that control
  people in every way prison, military
• Degradation ceremony rituals that strip people
  of their former identity, make them assume new
  identity, hope that they would be forced to
  change.

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