History and Glossary

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History and Glossary
CMT105 Lecture 2

• Everything you always wanted to know...

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Contents

• A brief history of the field
• Who are the key players?
• A pedagogical framework
• A course cycle model
• Glossary
• History in more detail

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A brief history

• Turing mentioned the idea in the 1940s
• Initially hardware was a major expense
• Most innovation due to the US military
• CAI starts in the 60s
• Instructional Science starts in the late 60s
• Intelligent (AI based) starts in the 70s
• Hardware becomes cheaper (80s onwards)
• Media becomes possible (90s)
• Theory becomes better (70s onwards)
• Computers and Education becomes practical (90s)

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Why is there jargon?

• Need to assign specialised meanings
• Need to operate across other discipline meanings
• Accidental separation of US and rest of world
• Separation of educators and trainers
• ...but its the same underneath, really...

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Who are the LT people?

• AI and Education
• Instructional Scientists / Educational
  Technologists
• Have a strong theoretical underpinning and seek
  to understand the design processes and
  implications for Teaching and Learning
• Multimedia people?
• Beware the techno-enthusiast
• CAL people?
• Hmm.
• CAL conference, ALT, TLTP, CTI

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A pedagogical framework

• What manner of learning activities are supported
• rote, exploratory etc.
• What sorts of interaction does the system permit?
• questions, searches, explanation etc.
• What is the range of available teaching actions
• Presentation, elaboration etc.
• Where is the Locus of Control?
• Total constraint Total freedom The
  Elsom-Cook Line! (Adaptive Learning Environments
  (Jones Winne, Springer, 1990)

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A course cycle model

• There are traditional Face to Face models
• There are distance course development models
• There are software development models
• But
• We need to mix various bits of these together if
  we are to have a viable method of developing,
  delivering and maintaining a course which uses a
  mixture of computer based and conventional
  techniques

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A course cycle model

• Design/Development
• Delivery
• Support
• Assessment
• Maintenance

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Glossary

• Behavioural
• learners are information receptacles
• stimui can be used to program a person
• little chunks and sequencing
• Contructivist
• learners are active theory constructors
• experience is provided to stimulate learning
• structures are constructed between environment
  and learner

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Glossary
L I T
A B
C
There is no real system, but the different
combinations of letters tended to imply different
philosophical perspectives - there is a Europe
/USA distinction
All tended to reflect a programmed
learning/behaviourist model, and are rarely used
these days
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Glossary

• Simulation
• black-box model
• dependent and independent variables
• control and visualisation
• Modelling system
• glassbox model
• systems modelling / programming
• Microworld
• directness and discovery
• Learning Environments
• directness and programming

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Glossary

• ITS / ICAI
• Systems that generate teaching interactions
• adapt to the individual user
• are easily(!) modifiable and extensible
• This is achieved through the use of Artificial
  Intelligence to create a system with
• A student model
• A knowledge representation
• A mechanism for interaction

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Glossary

• CMC
• Computer mediated communication
• email, bulletin boards etc.
• Very trendy
• Synchronous
• chat systems, video conferencing
• Asynchronous
• bbs / email

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A brief history of technology and learning
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Teaching machines
CAL
Theory Behaviourist
Simulations
Theory Cognitive
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A brief history of technology and learning
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Teaching machines
CAL
Theory Behaviourist
Simulations
ITS
Theory Cognitive
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A brief history of technology and learning
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Teaching machines
CAL
Authoring languages
Theory Behaviourist
Authoring environments
Simulations
Simulation tools
ITS
Learning environments
GDT
Theory Cognitive
Hypertexts
CMC
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A brief history of technology and learning
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Teaching machines
CAL
Authoring languages
Theory Behaviourist
Authoring environments
Simulations
Simulation tools
ITS
Learning environments
GDT
Theory Cognitive
Hypertexts
CMC
Co-learning
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To do

• Activities
• Do a web search for sites related to teaching in
  your area and prepare a short presentation to be
  added to our web site
• Reading
• Learning and teaching with Computers, OShea and
  Self