Introduction to Climate Change and the Clean Development Mechanism

1
???????????Introduction to Climate Change and
the Clean Development Mechanism

• ??CDM??????????Training Material
• Building Capacity for the CDM in China

2
???? The climate system

• ???????????????????????
• The totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
  biosphere and geosphere
• and their interaction.

3
??????Greenhouse Gas Effect
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????Climate change

• ?????????????????????,??????
• ?????????????????????????
• A change of climate which is attributed directly
  or indirectly to human activity that alters the
  composition of the global atmosphere and which is
  in addition to natural climate variability
  observed over comparable time periods.

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??????Change of Global Temperature
????????????????????,???50????????????????????????
? In the light of new evidence and taking into
account the remaining uncertainties, most of the
observed warming over the last 50 years is likely
to have been due to the increase in greenhouse
gas concentrations Source IPCC Third Assessment
Report 2001
6
???????Climate Change Impacts
7
????UNFCCC objectives

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????,???????????,???????????????????????
• Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in
  the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
  dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
  climate system. Such a level should be achieved
  within a time-frame sufficient to allow
  ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change,
  to ensure that food production is not threatened
  and to enable economic development to proceed in
  a sustainable manner.
• ARTICLE 2

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?????The Kyoto Protocol

• ???????????????????A???????????????????????,?2008?
  ?2012???????1990???????5.2,
• The Parties included in Annex I shall,
  individually or jointly, ensure that their
  aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent
  emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex
  A reduce their overall emissions by at least 5
  per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment
  period 2008 to 2012.
• Article 3
• ?2005?12?31??,?????????????????????????
• Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005,
  have made demonstrable progress in achieving its
  commitments under this Protocol.

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?????Annex I countries
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???????The requirements for Annex I countries

• ???????????????????
• Provide new and additional financial resources
  to meet the agreed full costs incurred to
  developing country Parties in complying with
  their obligations
• ???????????????????????
• Assist the developing country Parties that are
  particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of
  climate change
• ????????????,?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????
• Take all practicable steps to promote,
  facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the
  transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound
  technologies and know-how to other Parties,
  particularly developing country Parties

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???????BAnnex B of the Kyoto Protocol
????
12
????Reduction objectives
6
-5
Kyoto-Protocol
4
GtC
2
Source ABB Corporate Research
1990
2000
2010
2020
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????????Kyoto Protocol Greenhouse Gases

• ????  Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• ??   Methane (CH4)
• ???? Nitrous oxide (N2O)
•  ????? Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• ??? Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• ???? Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

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???Three mechanisms

• ?????????????????????,???????????
• The KP identifies three mechanisms to supplement
  national actions to achieve real, long-term,
  measurable and cost-effective GHG reductions

• Clean Development Mechanism
• ??????(CDM)
• Joint Implementation
• ????(JI)
• Emissions Trading (ET)
• ????(ET)

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??????(CDM)Clean Development Mechanism
??? Sponsor
??? Host
Annex I/B
Annex I/B
???????? Certified Emission Reductions
?????
Developing countries
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CDM??CDM Purpose

• ????????????????????????????????
• -to assist Parties included in Annex I in
  achieving compliance with their quantified
  emission limitation and reduction commitments
• ?????????????????????????????,
• -to assist Parties not included in Annex I in
  achieving sustainable development and in
  contributing to the ultimate objective of the
  Convention
• Article of KP 12

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?????????Management of CDM

• ???????????????????????????????,????????????????
  ?
• The clean development mechanism shall be subject
  to the authority and guidance of the Conference
  of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
  Parties to this Protocol and be supervised by an
  executive board of the clean development
  mechanism.
• ?????( COP )???????????????,????????????????
• Conference of the Parties (COP) The COP is the
  supreme body of the Convention. It currently
  meets once a year to review the Convention's
  progress.
• ???????????????????? ( ???/ ???????)
  (COP/MOP)?????????,
• Meeting of the Parties (MOP) The Kyoto
  Protocol's supreme body will be the MOP, which
  will serve as the Protocol's meeting of the
  Parties.

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CDM ????CDM Bodies
???????????????????? ( ???/ ???????) Conference
of Parties to the UNFCCC Meeting of the Parties
to the Kyoto Protocol ( COP/MOP)
CDM ????? CDM Executive Board (CDM-EB)
????? Accreditation Panel
????? Afforestation and Reforestation Working
Group/Panel
?????? Methodology Panel
?????? Small scale CDM Panel
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???????Executive Board

• ?????(EB)??COP/MOP??????CDM????
• Executive Board (EB) The Executive Board
  operates under the authority of the Parties.
• ????????????,???????????????????(?????????????????
  ?????OECD ??),???????????,???????????,????????????
  ?
• The Executive Board consists of 10 members,
  including one representative from each of the
  five official UN regions (Africa, Asia, Latin
  America and the Caribbean, Central Eastern
  Europe, and OECD), one from the small island
  developing states, and two each from Annex I and
  non-Annex I Parties.

The CDM-EB 2004
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???????EB tasks

• ????????????
• Approval of proposed baseline and monitoring
  methodologies
• ?????(EB)????????(DOE)
• Accreditation of designated operational entities
• ?????(EB)???????????????????????( CDM registry
  ),?????????( CERs )
• The CDM-EB is responsible for the maintenance
  of a CDM registry, which will issue new CERs

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???????task of DOE

• ??CDM??
• Validation of CDM projects
• ???????
• Presentation of projects for registration
• ??????
• Verification of monitoring reports
• ????CERs
• Recommendation for CER issuance.

• ????4???????(DOEs),20?????(AEs)
• At present 4 DOEs, approximately 20 Applicant
  Entities.

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CDM????Participation requirements

• ????????????????
• All Parties must meet three basic requirements
• ????CDM????
• i) voluntary participation,
• ????CDM?????????
• ii) establishment of the National CDM Authority,
  
• ????????
• iii) ratification of the Kyoto Protocol.

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??????Project Eligibility

• ??????12?????????????????????????????????????????,
  ????????????????????????
• Article 12 of the Protocol states that projects
  must result in reductions in emissions that are
  additional to any that would occur in the absence
  of the project activity. The CDM project must
  lead to real, measurable, and long-term benefits
  related to the mitigation of climate change.
• Kyoto article 12
• ??????????????????????????
• Real if actual GHG emissions are less than the
  emissions in a credible and probable baseline
  scenario
• ????????????????????????????????
• Measurable if the actual level of GHG emissions
  of the project case and the level of GHG emission
  in the baseline scenario can be established with
  a reasonable degree of certainty
• ??????????????????
• Avoiding GHG emissions is per definition a
  long-term benefit

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???????Sustainable development criteria

• ????????????????????????????????????,???????????
• The protocol specifies that the purpose of the
  CDM is to assist non-Annex I Parties in achieving
  sustainable development.
• ?????????????????????????
• Social criteria The project improves the quality
  of life, alleviates poverty, and improves equity.
  
• ???? ???????????????,?????????????????
• Economic criteria The project provides financial
  returns to local entities, results in a positive
  impact on balance of payments, and transfers new
  technology.
• ???????????????????????????,????????????,????????
  ??,????????
• Environmental criteria The project reduces
  greenhouse gas emissions and the use of fossil
  fuels, conserves local resources, reduces
  pressure on the local environments, provides
  health and other environmental benefits, and
  meets energy and environmental policies.

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????(JI) Joint Implementation
??? Sponsor
??? Host
???? Emission Reduction Units
Annex I/B
Annex I/B
Economies in Transition
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????(ET)International Emission Trading
120
todays emission ??????
100
????MARKET FOR CREDITS
Index
80
1990
2000
2010
2020
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??????Summary KP Flexible Mechanisms

• ??????Clean Development Mechanism
• ????????(CERs)
• Output Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)
• ?????????????,?????2000?
• Between Annex I and non-Annex I countries,
  started year 2000
• ????Joint Implementation
• ??????(ERU)
• Output Emission Reduction Units (ERU)
• ????????,?????2008?
• Between Annex I countries, starts from 2008
• ??????International Emissions Trading
• ?????????(AAU)
• Output Assigned Amount Units (AAU)
• ????????,?????2008?
• Between Annex I Parties, starts from 2008

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??????Marrakech accords17/CP.7

• ????????????????????????
• Decision 17/CP.7 Modalities and procedures for a
  clean development mechanism as defined in Article
  12 of the Kyoto Protocol
• ??????????????
• ANNEXModalities and procedures for a clean
  development mechanism
• A. ?? Definitions
• B. ???????????????????????
• Role of the Conference of the Parties serving as
  the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
• C. ????? Executive board
• D. ????????? Accreditation and designation of
  operational entities
• E. ?????? Designated operational entities
• F. ???? Participation requirements
• G. ????? Validation and registration
• H. ?? Monitoring
• I. ????? Verification and certification
• J. ????????? Issuance of certified emission
  reductions

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????????Marrakech Accords APPENDICES

• ??A????????
• APPENDIX A Standards for the accreditation of
  operational entities
• ??B?????
• APPENDIX B Project design document
• ??C?????????????????
• APPENDIX C Terms of reference for establishing
  guidelines on baselines and monitoring
  methodologies
• ??D??????????
• APPENDIX D Clean development mechanism registry
  requirements

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CDM????project cycle
??
??/??
PP ????? DOE?????? EB ????? CER ??????
??
??/??
??CERs