The Low Emission Zone

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Outline of Presentation

• What is the Low Emission Zone
• Which vehicles are affected
• When and where the LEZ comes into force
• Enforcement
• Compliance options
• Abatement equipment
• Where to find out more information

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What is the London Low Emission Zone?

• Geographically defined area
• Discourages the most individually polluting
  vehicles from being driven in London
• Requires heaviest diesel-engine vehicles to meet
  strict emissions standards to drive within London
  
• Will operate 24 hours a day, 365 days per year
• The LEZ will not ban vehicles from London
  non-compliant vehicles can pay a charge

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Vehicles Affected by the LEZ
HGVs gt12t
Heavy diesel-engined vehicles gt12 tonnes

• Includes
• Goods Vehicles
• Motor Caravans
• Motorised Horseboxes

Feb 2008 Euro III Jan 2012 Euro IV for
particulates
Heavy diesel-engined vehicles between 3.5 and 12
tonnes
HGVs 3.5t gt 12t

• Includes
• Goods Vehicles
• Motor Caravans
• Motorised Horseboxes

July 2008 Euro III Jan 2012 Euro IV for
particulates
Buses Coaches
Heavy diesel-engined passenger vehicles gt 5 tonne

• Includes
• Vehicles with more than eight seats, plus the
  drivers seat

July 2008 Euro III Jan 2012 Euro IV for
particulates
cont
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Vehicles Affected by the LEZ
Diesel-engined vehicles between 1.205 tonnes
unladen and 3.5 tonnes
Large Vans

• Includes
• Ambulances
• Motor Caravans

Oct 2010 Euro III for particulates
Minibuses
Diesel-engined passenger vehicles below 5 tonnes

• Includes
• Vehicles with less than eight seats, plus the
  drivers seat

Oct 2010 Euro III for particulates
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How will the LEZ operate

• The LEZ is a charging scheme but most will
  avoid paying the charge by driving a compliant
  vehicle
• There will be signs at entry points and in the
  zone
• Vehicles which are subject to the LEZ are
  detected using fixed and mobile cameras
• TfL checks vehicle registration against a
  database of compliant vehicles
• Non compliant vehicles have to pay a daily charge
  200 per day for HGV, buses and coaches
• 100 per day for vans and minibuses
• Charging day midnight to midnight, 365 days a year

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Enforcement of the LEZ

• Vehicles which are non compliant, or which are
  not on the register will be sent a daily Penalty
  Charge Notice
• 1000 (1500) (reduced to 500 if paid within 14
  days) for HGVs, buses coaches
• 500 (750) (reduced to 250 if paid within 14
  days) for heavier LGVs minibuses
• Our agent, EPC, has contacts with vehicle
  registration authorities in most European
  countries to obtain vehicle and keeper
  information
• EPC already enforce successfully for Congestion
  Charging
• The first time vehicles are observed in the zone
  they will be sent a warning letter, giving them
  the opportunity to register

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Options for Compliance

• A range of options are available to comply with
  the LEZ emissions standards including
• certifying that an eligible engine meets the
  required standard
• fitting particulate abatement equipment to the
  vehicle
• purchasing a new or compliant second-hand vehicle
• reorganising fleet so only compliant vehicles
  travel in the zone
• or paying the 200 daily charge (online, by phone
  or post)

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Approved Abatement Equipment

• Devices or modifications (adaptations) that
  reduce the particulate matter emissions can be
  used to make the vehicle compliant
• UK vehicles must fit a device which is approved
  for either the Reduced Pollution Certificate
  (RPC) or Low Emission Certificate (LEC). The RPC
  may entitle operator to VED discounts
• Lists of approved devices, and contact details
  for approved suppliers are published on the TfL
  website.
• The list now includes 8 manufacturers, covering a
  wide range of vehicle types and ages
• Operators are urged to talk with the abatement
  manufacturers now to see which solution is most
  appropriate

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Abatement Equipment Testing

• Vehicles can be certified by taking them to one
  of VOSAs 94 national test stations for an
  inspection

• The test (28) can be scheduled as part of the
  annual vehicle inspection
• VOSA inspect the vehicle, ensure it meets the
  required standard and perform a smoke test to
  confirm it is working as expected
• On passing the required tests, VOSA will issue a
  Reduced Pollution Certificate or Low Emissions
  Certificate, as appropriate
• Certificates typically last 12 months, but first
  issued can last up to 23 months

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LEC Eligible Engines

• LEZ emission standard is initially Euro III for
  PM (0.10 g/kWh)
• All Euro III or better engines will emit less
  than this level, and so can drive in the zone
  without modification. When a manufacturer designs
  and certifies an engine, they must ensure that it
  will maintain this performance for the useful
  life of the engine so TfL does not need to
  inspect Euro III or newer vehicles the annual
  MOT test is sufficient
• Some advanced Euro II and a few Euro I certified
  engines meet this PM level, even though they were
  only certified as Euro II/I respectively for all
  regulated pollutants. These engines have been
  identified by the manufacturers and are published
  on the TfL website in the "LEC Eligible Engines"
  list

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Testing/Inspection of Eligible Engines

• For LEC Eligible Engines, the default limit is
  0.8m-1. Some engines emit more visible smoke than
  this, so in these cases TfL allows a higher smoke
  opacity limit, using the limit declared by the
  manufacturer (corrected absorption coefficient)
  and identified on the engine data plate
• Other Euro I and II engines that are not able to
  meet the Euro III particulate standard are not
  eligible to enter the zone without charge unless
  they fit an approved abatement device which is
  certified by VOSA

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Approved Abatement Suppliers
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Approved Abatement Engine List
1,362 individual engine abatement device
combinations are now certified
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Vehicle Inspection to Identify Engine and
Abatement Equipment
The engine data plate and abatement equipment (if
fitted) are used to identify the certified
emissions of the vehicle
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Smoke Limits

• VOSA measures smoke opacity how dark or dense
  the smoke is, in m-1
• LEZ Scheme Order limit is how much Particulate
  Matter emitted weighs in g/kWh
• The two are not the same!

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Vehicle Inspection/Testing - Smoke

• The smoke test does not
• measure particulate matter (which is not possible
  without access to sophisticated test facilities)
• infer the Euro standard of the engine
• The smoke test is used to determine if the engine
  is still operating within certified smoke limits
• The test confirms that any abatement equipment
  fitted is functioning
• The smoke test is however a practical substitute
  or proxy test for general engine health

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Diesel Particulate Filters

• Most common form of exhaust abatement device is a
  Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

• DPFs have been used for over 20 years
• A number of different technology sub-types exist

Retro-fit options
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Retro-fit DPF Systems
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
Regenerating
Disposable
Active
Passive
Passive-Active
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NO2 cat Filter (CRT)
Fuel Additive (engine management)
Fuel Additive (engine management)
2
Catalysed DPF
(Late) Fuel Injection
Fuel Combustion
(Fuel Additive)
3
Fuel Burner
Electrical Heating
4
Microwave Heating
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Continuously Regenerating Trap

• CRT (and other catalysed filters) use Platinum
  catalyst to generate NO2 to lower regeneration
  (soot burn off) temperature from 600ºC to
  250ºC

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Catalysed Filter Types
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Diesel Particulate Filters Full-Flow Substrates

• Full-flow filters reduce particulate emissions by
  95
• Typically enable Euro I, II III engines to meet
  Euro IV for PM pre-Euro to meet Euro III for PM

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Partial Filters

• Partial-flow filters typically reduce particulate
  emissions by 50-60
• Enable Euro II engines to meet Euro III for PM

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Fuel Additive Supported Regeneration

• Full-flow filter system utilising a fuel-dosed
  (fuel borne or FBC) liquid catalyst to assist
  regeneration typically Platinum/Cerium
• Can also have active regeneration controls

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Electrical Heating Regeneration

• Full-flow filter substrates, utilising off-line
  electrical heating for regeneration (plug-in or
  removable filters)
• Typically enable Euro I, II III engines to meet
  Euro IV for PM pre-Euro to meet Euro III for PM

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New Abatement Selection Table

• See www.tfl.gov.uk/lezlondon

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Abatement Selection Table
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Vehicle Compliance Determination

• The majority of GB vehicles do not have to
  register since TfL can determine compliance from
  data provided by DVLA, VOSA, SMMT
• This can be checked on LEZ website (compliance
  checker) or via enquiry line
• Since data needed to identify the vehicle
  characteristics is not always available, vehicles
  which are compliant may occasionally need to
  register
• VOSA will inform TfL automatically of RPC LEC
  passes and fails, so the operator doesnt have to
  contact TfL to drive in the LEZ

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What happens next?

• May 2007 Mayoral decision
• UK Vehicle compliance check available
• Enquiries call centre available
• Certification standards published
• Certified device list published (8 suppliers now
  approved)
• July 2007 Registrations go-live
• Operator information campaign
• Oct 2007 Payments go-live (29 October)
• Feb 2008 Go-live HGVs gt12 t (Euro III)
• July 2008 Go-live HGVs lt12 t, buses, coaches
  (Euro III)
• Late 2010 Go-live for heavier vans and minibuses
  (Euro 3)
• Jan 2012 Standards tightened for HGVs, buses,
  coaches (Euro IV)

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LEZ Enquiries-www.tfl.gov.uk/lezlondon

• Phone (within the UK) 0845 607 0009 Phone
  (outside the UK) 44 (0) 207 310 8998Text
  phone  [phone]Email lezlondon_at_tfl.gov.uk
  Post Low Emission Zone Contact Centre, PO Box
  4544, Coventry CV6 9DW