ANALYSING QUALITATIVE DATA

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HOW TO ANALYSE QUALITATIVE DATA

• Dr Lisa Farndon (Podiatric Development
  Facilitator, Sheffield PCT)
• Dr Alan Borthwick (Lecturer, University of
  Southampton)

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Aims

• Give examples of the different research methods
  that can generate qualitative data
• Explain the different methods that can be used to
  organise analyse data
• Describe the use of a thematic framework
• Work through an example to illustrate coding

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Methods which generate qualitative data

• Interviews
• These can be in-depth, semi-structured and
• involve key actors
• Patton (1990) identified 3 forms of depth
  interview
• Informal conversational
• General interview guide
• Standardized open ended

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Key Actor Interviews

• Provide depth and detail
• Provide information perception
• Provide understanding of motives behind actions
  under study
• detailed historical data, knowledge about
  contemporary inter-personal relationships
  (including conflicts), and wealth of information
  about the nuances of everyday life
• (Fetterman 1989)

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Focus Group Interviews

• These are used to explore a groups interaction
  in order to generate data on a subject
• Typically between 4-12 in a group with a
  facilitator using open-ended questions
• Can be used to explore individuals knowledge and
  experiences

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Documentary Analysis

• Uses documents to examine a particular issue or
  topic
• Provide a broad coverage over a long timeframe,
  helping to chart events, activities and changes
• Can examine topics from many years ago which
  would not be possible using other methods of
  investigation
• Is a stable and repeatable method if all the
  material can be retrieved cheap

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Data

• Interviews focus groups are normally taped
  transcribed verbatim
• Documentary analysis will yield a large amount of
  documents reflecting the relevant themes under
  investigation

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Analysis Methods

• Framework Approach (Ritchie Spencer)
• Familiarization
• (read transcripts a number of times)
• Identifying a thematic framework
• (developed based on the research question/aims
  focus group guide)
• Indexing
• (thematic framework is systematically applied to
  the data in its textual form)

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• Charting
• (headings and subheadings drawn from the
  thematic framework and research questions
  represent themes for each respondent )
• Mapping Interpretation
• (data is sifted and charted according to core
  themes and analysed in order to define concepts,
  find associations and provide explanations for
  the data)

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Identify a Thematic Framework working example

• Why do new patients seek NHS podiatry care?
• Interview data coded according to
• Why do new patients attend?
• What do new patients want?

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Indexing (coding)

• Reading through all the data using the thematic
  framework
• Assign sub-themes
• Highlight text which relates to the themes

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Example

• Well I just cant get down to my feet
  anymore,as I have very severe arthritis in my
  hips that stops me bending and it is worrying me
  that my feet seem to be getting worse and worse
  and I dont know what to do about them

• MOBILITY (limitations)
• MOBILITY (concern)
• LIMITATIONS OF SELF CARE (knowledge)

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Why do new patients attend for podiatry care?

• Themes
• Mobility concerns (pain, limitations in self
  care, concern)
• Limitations to self care (lack of knowledge,
  unable to provide treatment)
• Beliefs economic factors (entitlement,
  referred, financial)

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What do new patients want from podiatry service?

• Themes
• Treatment (pain relief, improve cosmetic
  appearance, maintain mobility, eradicate foot
  problems)
• Education (preventative self care advice,
  re-assurance)

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Charting Why do new patients come for podiatry
care?
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Mapping Interpretation
MOBILITY Pain Limitations Concern
BELIEFS ECONOMIC FACTORS Entitlement Referral Fi
nancial
LIMITATIONS OF SELF CARE Treatment Knowledge
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Findings

• Illustrate findings from the data with excerpts
  from the text
• Anonymise subjects/patients
• we had patients wandering around in a daze,
  with no one to take them home and no one at home
  to look after themIntravenous valium was one
  event that went wrong and that wasnt good
  politically
• (interview data extract, cited in Borthwick AM,
  Occupational Imperialism at work the case of
  podiatric surgery, BJP, 20014(3) 70-79)

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Software Packages

• NUDST
• ATLAS.ti
• However, though they may
• aid organisation of data they can be quite
• complex to use pens paper may be easier
• cheaper

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Considerations

• Audit/paper trail
• Triangulation (data, method, analysis, analysts)
• Analysis meet to discuss agree themes, return
  findings to sample group to assess if it is a
  fair representation

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GROUP WORK

• Read through the example provided and assign
  themes to relevant pieces of text

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Key references

• Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative
  informationthematic analysis and code
  development, Sage.
• Braun, V. and V. Clarke (2006). "Using thematic
  analysis in psychology." Qualitative Research in
  Psychology 3 77-101.
• Patton MQ, Qualitative Evaluation and Research
  Methods, London Sage. 1990.
• Ritchie, J. and L. Spencer (1994). Qualitative
  data analysis for applied policy research.
  Analyzing qualitative data. A. Bryman and R. G.
  Burgess, Routledge 172-194.Fetterman DM,
  Ethnography Step by Step, London Sage. 1989
• If you would like a copy of this presentation, or
  a fuller list of references, please add your name
  and email address on the sheet provided at the
  desk

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Thank you for your attention

• Have a tea break

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