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Report of the World Commission on Dams

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Title: Report of the World Commission on Dams


1
Report of the World Commission on Dams
www.dams.org
2
Dams and Development Presentation of the
Commissions Report
  • About the Commission why, who, what
  • Findings from the Knowledge Base
  • The way forward

3
Why a World Commission on Dams ?
In response to escalating conflicts over the role
of dams in development, all constituents
came together to establish
the Commission
4
The Debate
  • Needs are intensifying concerns are growing
  • Major investments significant impacts
  • Dam projects increasingly questioned
  • WCD - an unprecedented response to the controversy

5
Needs are intensifying
  • freshwater withdrawals doubled in 50 years
  • 1 billion lack freshwater
    2 billion lack electricity
  • competition for water increasing
  • aquatic ecosystems are declining
    wetlands have been lost

6
Major investments
Number Of Dams
6 000
  • 45,000 large dams worldwide
  • 2 dams commissioned
    per day in1970s
  • total investment exceeds
    2 trillion
  • 40 billion expenditure
    per year at peak
  • estimated 40 80 million people displaced
  • flow in 60 of worlds rivers affected

4 000
2 000
0
1900
1990s
7
Dam projects increasingly questioned
  • affected populations strongly oppose dams
  • proponents point to urgent development demands
  • opponents point to
    adverse impacts
  • uprisings against
    globalisation
  • little space for
    constructive dialogue

8
Unprecedented response to the controversy
  • WCD created through unanimous agreement
  • broad based mandate to review development
    effectiveness assess alternatives
  • and develop internationally acceptable criteria

    and guidelines
  • address global problems through local
    understanding

9
Who is the Commission ?
Donald Blackmore
Joji Cariño
Judy Henderson
Deborah Moore
José Goldemberg
Jan Veltrop
Göran Lindahl
Achim Steiner
Medha Patkar
Thayer Scudder
10
WCD - Diverse Perspectives
WCDs authority and credibility rests on the
diversity of the Commissioners
which was a guiding theme throughout its
inclusive, transparent and
participatory work programme
11
Independent and Legitimate
  • established through agreement
  • multi-stakeholder selection process
    of Commissioners
  • no vested interest - reports to the world
  • hands on experience with all aspects of dams
  • 53 financiers - untied broad based

12
Inclusive, Participatory Transparent
  • full range of perspectives civil society to
    governments, private sector to NGOs,
    financiers to foundations
  • outreach through work
    programme and networks
  • extensive review process
  • WCD Forum as a reference point
  • draft studies on website www.dams.org

13
Commissioners
World Commission on Dams
Forum
Financiers
14
What did the Commission accomplish ?
The most comprehensive, global and independent
review of dams from which it developed
recommendations for future decision-making
15
The Process
  • Knowledge driven review listening and learning
    from the past
  • Multifaceted analysis integrated assessment
  • Extensive negotiations within WCD led to agreed
    recommendations

16
Knowledge driven review
  • experiences from 79 countries 1000 dams
  • 7 detailed case studies, 3 country
    studies, 125 cross check dams
  • 17 thematic reviews, 130
    contributing papers
  • four regional consultations - 1400 people
  • 950 submissions

Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
17
Multifaceted analysis
  • assessed performance against planned targets
  • analysed social environmental impacts
  • assessed alternatives for water energy services
  • analysed planning, decision-making compliance
  • examined how criteria have changed over time

18
Extensive negotiations within WCD led to agreed
recommendations
  • linked the dam debate to development discourse
  • nine Commission meetings
  • listened debated, examined analysed
  • common problems specific contexts

19
What did the Commission find from the knowledge
base ?
Dams have delivered considerable benefits In too
many cases the price paid to secure those
benefits has been unacceptable
and often
unnecessary
20
Findings from WCD Knowledge base
  • Dams have made a significant contribution
  • A considerable number have fallen below targets
  • Economic and financial under-performance
  • Significant impacts on riverine
    downstream ecosystems
  • Heavy toll on affected communities
  • Alternatives often exist
  • Lack of compliance

21
Significant contribution
  • 19 percent of electricity
    from hydropower
    more than 50 in 63 countries
  • dams support 30-40 of irrigated area
    12-16 of global food production
  • 12 of all dams have a water
    supply function
  • 75 countries have dams for flood
    control

Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
22
Considerable number have fallen below targets
  • irrigation almost half have under-performed
  • opportunities for efficiency gains
  • hydropower on average met expectations but
    considerable variability
  • flood control dams have attenuated floods, but
    some increased vulnerability
  • physical sustainability safety improving,
    but dams are
    ageing and costs rising
  • loss of storage, 0.5 to 1.0
    per year

Kariba
Predicted vs actual generation
TWh
10
Predicted
6
Actual
0
1960
2000
23
Economic financial under-performance
  • average cost overruns of over 50
  • 50 in survey with one year or more delay
  • cost recovery in hydropower but not irrigation
  • poor economic and financial results from
    irrigation
  • mixed results for hydropower

24
Significant impacts on riverine
downstream ecosystems
  • loss of riverine
    terrestrial biodiversity
  • adverse impacts on
    livelihoods in floodplains
  • 67 of ecosystem
    changes in survey are negative
  • poor record of ecosystem mitigation
  • some reservoirs have created habitats for
    biodiversity
  • reservoirs emit green-house gases

25
Heavy toll on affected communities
  • estimated 40-80 million physically displaced
  • significant number of others affected
  • failure to adequately
    recognise respond to
    those affected
  • negative impacts fall
    disproportionately on
    disadvantaged
  • inequity is not addressed in balance sheet
    approach

26
Alternatives often exist
  • reduce demand by increasing end-use efficiency
  • defer new supply by enhancing supply conveyance
    efficiency
  • extend life and performance through improved land
    water management
  • promote alternative supply options, including
    small-scale locally appropriate approaches

Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
27
Lack of compliance
  • weak regulatory frameworks lack
    of enforcement
  • little public participation scrutiny
  • top down decision-making, often
    politically motivated
  • past conflicts remain unresolved with no
    legal recourse
  • vested interests in favour of large
    infrastructure
  • no incentives or sanctions

28
Summary findings
  • lack of systematic evaluation of dam projects
  • considerable scope to improve performance
  • economic profitability is elusive many
    externalities
  • all too often impacts on people ecosystems are
    unacceptable and avoidable
  • alternatives to dams exist that are acceptable
    viable depends on location
  • the means to improve development outcomes exists
    but are not yet common practice

29
The way forward New framework for
decision-making
To improve development outcomes, the Commission
presents a new framework for decision-making
based on recognising rights and assessing risks
of all interested parties
30
The Way Forward
  • Move beyond the simple
    balance sheet approach
  • to shared values, objectives and goals
  • Internationally accepted norms are basis
    for WCD recommendations
  • Adopt a rights and risks approach
  • Define whose rights and what risks

31
Move beyond the simple balance-sheet approach
that
  • trades off losses and gains between groups
  • impoverishes some people
  • excludes people and limits awareness
  • overlooks sustainability aspects
  • induces conflict and higher costs

Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
32
Towards shared values, objectives goals
  • equity
  • efficiency
  • participatory decision-making
  • sustainability
  • accountability

33
Internationally accepted norms are basis for WCD
recommendations
  • UN Declaration of Human Rights
  • Declaration on the Right to Development
  • Rio Principles

34
Adopt a rights risks approach
  • Future planning decision-making
    should be guided by -
  • a recognition of rights
  • an assessment of risks
  • to determine who has a legitimate place in
    negotiating outcomes

35
Define whose rights what risks
36
Turning Conflict Into Consensus
  • Gain public acceptance
  • Assess options
  • Address existing dams
  • Sustain rivers and livelihoods
  • Recognise entitlements and share benefits
  • Ensure compliance
  • Share rivers across boundaries

37
Gaining public acceptance
  • dams affect existing rights create wide range
    of risks
  • opportunities exist for achieving a higher level
    of equity
  • recognise rights of indigenous tribal peoples
  • achieve outcomes through binding formal agreements

Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
38
Comprehensive options assessment
  • failure to adequately define needs assess
    options led to dispute
  • an early and open examination of options can
    avoid poor projects
  • raise the significance of social
    environmental aspects
  • increase the effectiveness of existing systems as
    a priority

Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
39
Address existing dams
  • most dams that will operate in the 21st century
    already exist
  • considerable scope exists for improving benefits
  • remedy outstanding social issues
  • enhance mitigation, restoration enhancement of
    ecosystems
  • use licences to formalise operating agreements

40
Sustain rivers and livelihoods
  • rivers support millions of livelihoods
  • dams cause significant and often irreversible
    effects on ecosystems
  • value rivers, ecosystems endangered species
  • emphasise avoidance
    of impacts
  • maintain ecosystem
    integrity through
    environmental flows

41
Recognise entitlements share benefits
  • many people displaced - many more unrecognised
  • including those who depend on a rivers resources
  • recognise rights and assess risks as a basis
    for negotiations
  • agree legally enforceable entitlements
  • adversely affected people become first among
    beneficiaries

42
Ensure compliance
  • many policies and guidelines exist..
  • but often a failure to fulfil obligations
  • need a compliance plan covering all commitments
    to people and the environment
  • introduce initiatives to reduce corruption
  • develop incentive framework for compliance

43
Share rivers across boundaries
  • conflicts over transboundary rivers due to
    power imbalance
  • experience suggests disputes can be resolved
  • endorse the UN Convention principles
  • go beyond sharing water - to sharing the benefits
  • encourage consistent policies for financing
    agencies

Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
44
The Commissions Criteria Guidelines
Government
Civil Society
International Agreements
International Standards
Multilateral Bilateral Organisations
Private Sector
Professional Organisations
in a wider framework
45
Five key decision points
Dam Options
46
Guidelines for good practice
Which include
Environmental flow
Stakeholder analysis
Performance bonds
Greenhouse gas emissions
Prior Informed consent
Compliance plan
Multi-criteria analysis
Project benefit-sharing
47
Dams in the pipeline - general
  • Establish a stakeholder forum based on rights
    and risks approach
  • Undertake distribution analysis
  • Promote development opportunities and benefit
    sharing
  • Provide for an environmental flow
  • Include recourse and compliance mechanisms

48
Dams in the pipeline - its not too late
  • Feasibility - assess all options
  • - gain public acceptance
  • Design - prepare Compliance Plan
  • - contractualise benefit sharing
  • - determine environmental flow
  • Construction - formalise commitments

Dams and Development - Report of the World
Commission on Dams
49
Improve Development outcomes
Using the WCDs framework will reduce cost, save
time and avoid conflicts while achieving more
equitable outcomes
50
Implementing the Report
  • Improved outcomes for nation, affected people and
    the environment
  • Improved outcomes for decision-makers
    developers
  • 5 generic points of entry
  • Stakeholders chart specific actions

51
Improved outcomes for nation, affected people
the environment
Development opportunities for all by..
  • respecting human rights
  • meeting development needs for water, food
    energy
  • sustainable resource use

52
Improved outcomes for decision-makers
developers
  • time, money conflict reduced
  • greater certainty in an evolving global
    national context
  • benchmarks against which to assess compliance

53
5 generic points of entry
  • review the report objectively
  • issue public statements feedback
    (info_at_dams.org)
  • review dams currently under development
  • ensure evaluation, monitoring learning
  • promote capacity building to meet
    planning needs

54
Stakeholders should take specific action
  • Governments
  • Civil society
  • Affected peoples
  • Professional associations
  • Private sector
  • Bilateral and multilateral agencies

55
The WCD has
  • conducted first comprehensive review
    of performance
  • focused on options and compliance
  • shown that conflict is not inevitable
  • promoted a rights, risks approach to negotiate
    outcomes
  • shown that common ground can be reached

56
Dams and Development presents a unique
opportunity to
57
we have told our story
what happens next is up to you
58
Dont plan, build, protest, operate,
decommission, propose, oppose or discuss a dam
without it
59
Report of the World Commission on Dams
www.dams.org
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