GHSGT World Geography

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GHSGT World Geography

• Study Guide

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There are five major themes of geography
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1. Location

• Longitude Imaginary lines running from North
  Pole to South Pole measures directions from east
  to west.
• Prime Meridian Line of longitude that lies at
  zero degrees (0º).
• Separates Earth into eastern and western
  hemispheres.
• Latitude Imaginary lines running parallel to
  the equator measures north and south.
• Equator divides earth into northern and
  southern hemispheres.
• Divides distance north and south of the equator.

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2. Place

• What is it like?
• Each location has its own special features.
• Is it hot or dry?
• Is it mountainous or flat?
• Is it coastal or landlocked?
• Buildings and settlement patterns can distinguish
  the characteristics of place.
• Most important features -
• Topography
• Water
• Climate
• Natural Resources

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3. Movement

• Concerns the movement of goods, services, ideas
  and people from one place to another.
• Certain areas have a surplus, or extra amount of
  goods, while other areas have a shortage, or not
  enough of those same goods and services.
• To get what they need, people must interact
  (trade, travel, and communicate) with each other.
• The arrival of new goods, and or ideas, can
  rapidly change an area.
• Example contact between Europeans coming to
  North America for the first time, caused the
  exchange and introduction of many goods and
  services.

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Europes changing population shows movement
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4. Human-Environment Interaction

• How the physical setting of a place interacts
  with its population (people).
• This is what happens to the environment when
  humans engage in activities such as
• Cutting down a forest
• Building roads and cities
• Turning countryside into farmland
• Creating pollution
• Also, how is life in the Florida Everglades
  different from the life in a big city like
  Atlanta, Georgia.

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5. Region

• Geographic areas, or places that are next to each
  other, share common geographical characteristics,
  and interact closely with each other.
• Defined by characteristics that are similar and
  unifying.
• Often depends on the continent where it is
  located, and the degree that its inhabitants
  share common cultural bonds.
• Countries and their Political Subdivisions
• How people organize land masses.
• Each with its own borders.
• Often divided into local units, like the United
  States is divided into fifty states.
• Can be divided regionally as well.
• Cultural Regions
• Share common characteristics such as
• Language
• History
• Political Institutions
• Religious Beliefs

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Political Map of Africa
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Compass Directions

• Cardinal
• North
• South
• East
• West

• Intermediate
• Northeast
• Southeast
• Northwest
• Southwest

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Artic Ocean
Greenland
North America
Europe
Asia
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Africa
Pacific Ocean
South America
Indian Ocean
Australia

• What direction is Africa from South America?
• What direction is South America from Europe?
• What island is northeast of North America?
• Which ocean lies east of Asia?

• Which continent is south of Europe?
• Which ocean is north of Europe?
• Which continent is east of Europe?
• Which continent is west of Europe?
• What ocean is northwest of Australia?
• What continent is southwest of Asia?

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. Tijuana
Juarez .
30N
Chihuahua .
Monterrey .
25N
. Tampico
. Merida
Lake Chapala
20N
Mexico City
15N
115W
110W
105W
100W
95W
90W

• What body of water is at 105W longitude?
• Is Mexico north or south of the equator?
• Is Mexico east or west of the Prime Meridian?
• Estimate the longitude of these cities
  Monterrey, Chihuahua, Mexico City.
• Estimate the latitude of these cities Monterrey,
  Chihuahua, Mexico City.
• Estimate the latitude and longitude of Juarez,
  Tampico, Merida.
• What city lies at latitude 34N and longitude
  116W?

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The Hemispheres
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The Global Grid
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Circular Measurements

• Degrees -
• Minutes 60 (minutes) in each degree
• Seconds 60 (seconds) in each minute

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United States Time Zones
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Time Zones a division of the earths surface in
which standard time is kept. Time zones are
generally 15 of longitude in width. There are 24
time zones. EastAddWestSubtract
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There are Seven Continents

• Africa
• Antarctica
• Asia
• Australia

• Europe
• North America
• South America

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There are Four Oceans

• Arctic
• Atlantic
• Indian
• Pacific
• Oceans comprise 70 of Earths surface.

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Land Areas

• Islands land surrounded by water Example -
  Cuba
• Archipelago chain of islands Example -
  Indonesia
• Peninsula land surrounded by water on three
  sides Example - Italy
• Isthmus narrow strip of land joining two larger
  land areas Example - Panama

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Landforms measured by their elevation (height
above sea level).

• Mountains high rocky landforms. Example -
  Rockies, Appalachians, Himalayas, Andes.
• Hills raised areas of land smaller than
  mountains. Example - Piedmont region of the
  Southeastern U.S.
• Plateaus high flat area of land. Example -
  Bogotá, Columbia
• Plains - level of rolling land area lower than
  mountains, hills, or plateaus. Example - Great
  Plains savannas of central Africa.

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Bodies of Water

• Sea an area of salt water partially surrounded
  by land. Example - Arabian, Caribbean
• Gulf an area of an ocean that reaches into land
  area. Example - the Gulf of Mexico.
• Bay similar to a gulf but smaller. Example -
  Hudson Bay Bay of Bengal.
• Strait a narrow stretch of water that connects
  two large bodies of water. Example - Strait of
  Gibraltar
• Lake a body of fresh water surrounded by land.
  Example - Lake Victoria
• Tributary branches of a river.

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Dry Climates

• Desert less than 10 inches of rain per year,
  wide range of temperatures
• Sahara Gobi.
• Steppe semi-dry, 10-12 inches per year
• Central Asia
• Mediterranean hot, dry summers, mild, rainy
  winters
• Southern Europe

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Wet Climates

• Tropical rain forest rainy and warm all year
• Amazon Rain Forest.
• Tropical savanna always hot but with wet and dry
  seasons
• Central Africa Australia.

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Humid Climates

• Humid subtropical - mild winters, humid summers
• Georgia
• Humid continental - hot summers, cold winters
• Central U.S.
• Humid marine - mild rainy winters, cool rainy
  summers
• Coastal Pacific Northwest

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Ecosystem

• An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all
  plants, animals and micro-organisms in an area
  functioning together with all of the non-living
  physical factors of the environment.
• The relationship between living and non-living
  things in an environment.

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Cold Climates

• Sub-arctic
• long, cold winters, short summers
• Alaska
• Tundra
• temperatures below 50F all year, land is always
  frozen (permafrost)
• Northern Siberia.
• Ice caps
• constant cold, temperatures below freezing, snow
  all year long
• Antarctica
• high mountain peaks

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Human Activity Resources Needed

• Human Activity
• Farming
• Fishing
• Manufacturing
• Services

• Resources Needed
• Fertile soil, water, moderate climate, fuel,
  roads
• Oceans, lakes, rivers, forests (for ships), fish,
  roads
• Water, fuel, roads, raw materials, machinery,
  people
• Hospitals, railroads, fuel, people, paper, water

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Living in Todays World

• Factors that affect how people live
• Natural Environment climate, land, natural
  resources
• Level of Technology tools machinery for
  production of goods
• Traditions social political organization of
  society, customs, values
• Interaction with Other Societies trade,
  communication, transportation
• Population Size fertility rates, health,
  family values

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Natural Resources Affect How Humans Live

• Natural resources include plants, animals,
  bodies of water, mineral resources like rocks
  soils, hills, mountains, plains as well as
  weather climate. Examples include oil, natural
  gas, coal, water, metals.
• Cultural resources include things made by man
  roads, cities, buildings, dams.