Gustavo Henrique Goldman, Ph.D.

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Gustavo Henrique Goldman, Ph.D. Laboratório de
Biologia Molecular Bloco Q, FCFRP-USP Telefones
6024280, -4281 e -4311 e-mail ggoldman_at_usp.br gol
dman.fcfrp.usp.br
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CURSO DE BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR Programa Aulas
Teóricas 1) Introdução 2) As células e os
genomas 3) A química da célula 4) As proteínas 5)
O DNA e os cromossomas 6) A replicação, o reparo
e a recombinação do DNA 7) Do DNA para a
proteína como as células lêem o genoma 8) O
controle da expressão gênica 9) A manipulação do
DNA, RNA e proteínas 10) O ciclo celular e a
morte celular programada 11) O câncer
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Programa Aulas Práticas de Bioinformática 1) A
análise e a aquisição de seqüências genômicas 2)
As seqüências genômicas respondem a questões
interessantes 3) As variações genômicas 4) A
pesquisa básica com microarrays de DNA 5) A
pesquisa aplicada com microarrays de DNA 6) A
proteômica 7) Os circuitos genômicos em genes
isolados 8) Os circuitos genômicos integrados 9)
A modelagem de circuitos genômicos 10) A
transição da genética para a genômica o estudo
de casos médicos
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Referências 1) Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis,
J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P., 2002.
Molecular Biology of the Cell, fourth edition,
Garland Science. 2) Campbell, A.M., Heyer, L.J.,
2003. Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics,
CSHL Press, Benjamin Cummings. 3) Koonin, E.V.,
Galperin, M.Y., 2003. Sequence
Evolution-function Computational Approaches in
Comparative Genomics. Norwell (MA) Kluwer
Academic Publishers www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Critérios de Avaliação Provas, seminários,
listas de exercícios Datas das provas Primeira
Prova 28/09 e 29/09/2004 Segunda Prova 07/12 e
08/12/2004
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Horários Curso Integral Terças-feiras Curso
Teórico 1400 às 1600 hs Curso Prático 800 às
1000 hs (Turma A) Curso Prático 1600 às 1800
hs (Turma B) Laboratório de Física e
Físico-Química Curso Noturno Quartas-feiras Curs
o Teórico 1900 às 2100 hs Curso Prático 2100
às 2300 hs
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The whole of biology is a counterpart between the
two themes astonishing variety in individual
particulars astonishing constancy in fundamental
mechanisms
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The three major divisions (domains) of the living
world
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Genetic information conserved since the
beginnings of life. A part of the gene for the
smaller of the two main RNA components (16 S,
1550 nucleotides long) of the ribosome is shown
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• Mycoplasma genitalium (580,070 nucleotide
  pairs)
• 477 genes
• (i) 37 code for transfer, ribosomal, and other
  nonmessenger
• RNAs
• (ii) 297 of the genes coding for proteins
• 153 are involved in DNA replication,
  transcription, and
• translation and related processes
• - 29 in the membrane and surface structures of
  the cell
• - 33 in the transport of nutrients
• 71 in energy conversion and the synthesis and
  degradation
• of small molecules
• - and 11 in the regulation of cell division and
  other processes

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Four modes of genetic innovation and their
effects on the DNA sequence of an organism
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Four modes of genetic innovation and their
effects on the DNA sequence of an organism
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(...) it has been estimated that at least 18
of all the genes in the present-day genome of E.
coli have been acquired by horizontal transfer
from another species within the past 100 million
years
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Families of evolutionarily related genes in the
genome of Bacillus subtilis. The biggest family
consists of 77 genes coding for varieties of ABC
transporters
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Paralogous genes and orthologous genes two types
of gene homology based on different evolutionary
pathways. (A) and (B) The most basic
possibilities. (C) A more complex pattern of
events that can occur
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At a molecular level, archae seem to resemble
eukaryotes more closely in their machinery for
handling genetic information (replication,
transcription, and translation), but eubacteria
more closely in their apparatus for metabolism
and energy conversion
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Horizontal gene transfers in early evolution
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A mutant phenotype reflecting the function of a
gene
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The genome of E. coli
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Eukaryotes not only have more genes than
prokaryotes, they also have vastly more DNA that
does not code for protein or for any other
functional product molecule. The human genome
contains a 1000 times as many nucleotide pairs as
the genome of a typical bacterium, 20 times as
many genes, and about 10,000 times as much
noncoding DNA ( 98.5 of the genome for a
human is noncoding, as opposed to 11 of the
genome for the bacterium E. coli
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The origin of mitochondria
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The origin of chroroplasts
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Genome sizes compared. Genome size is measured in
nucleotide pairs of DNA per haploid genome, that
is, per single copy of the genome
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae 13,117,000 nucleotide
pairs (about 6,300 genes) Neurospora crassa 40
Mb (about 10,500 genes) Drosophila melanogaster
170 Mb (about 14,000 genes) Caenorhabditis
elegans 97 Mb (about 19,000 genes) Arabidopsis
thaliana 140 Mb (about 25,500 genes)
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The puffer fish (Fugu rubripes). This organism
has a genome size of 400 million nucleotide pairs
about one-quarter as much as a zebrafish, for
example, even though the two species of fish have
similar numbers of genes
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Genetic control of the program of multicellular
development. Antirrhinum sp.
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Arabidopsis thaliana
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Caenorhabditis elegans
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Drosophila melanogaster
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Giant chromosomes from salivary gland cells of
Drosophila. Because many rounds of DNA
replication have occurred without an
intervening cell division, each of the
chromosomes in these unusual cells contains over
a 1000 identical DNA molecules, all aligned in
register
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Two species of the frog genus Xenopus. X.
tropicalis, above, has an ordinary diploid
Genome X. laevis, below, has twice as much DNA
per cell
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The consequences of gene duplication for
mutational analysis of gene function
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Times of divergence of different Vertebrates. On
average within any particular evolutionary
lineage, hemoglobins accumulate changes at a
rate of about 6 altered amino acids per 100
amino acids every 100 million years. Some
proteins subject to stricter functional
constraints, evolve much more slowly than this,
other as much as 5 times faster.
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Human and mouse similar genes and similar
development. The human baby and the mouse shown
here have similar white patches on their
foreheads because both have mutations in the same
gene (called kit), required for the development
and maintenance of pigment cells