Perception and Attribution Dr. Raj Singh

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Perception and AttributionDr. Raj Singh
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What is the perceptual process?

• Perception.
• The process by which people select, organize,
  interpret, retrieve, and respond to information.
• Perceptual information is gathered from
• Sight.
• Hearing.
• Touch.
• Taste.
• Smell.

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What is the perceptual process?

• Factors influencing the perceptual process.
• Characteristics of the perceiver.
• Characteristics of the setting.
• Characteristics of the perceived.

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What is the perceptual process?

• Characteristics of the perceiver.
• The perceptual process is influenced by the
  perceivers
• Past experiences.
• Needs or motives.
• Personality.
• Values and attitudes.

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What is the perceptual process?

• Stages of the perceptual process.
• Information attention and selection.
• Organization of information.
• Information interpretation.
• Information retrieval.

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What is the perceptual process?

• Information attention and selection.
• Selective screening.
• Lets in only a tiny proportion all the
  information that bombards a person.
• Two types of selective screening.
• Controlled processing.
• Screening without perceivers conscious awareness.

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What is the perceptual process?

• Organization of information.
• Schemas.
• Cognitive frameworks that represent organized
  knowledge about a given concept or stimulus
  developed through experience.
• Types of schemas.
• Self schemas.
• Person schemas.
• Script schemas.
• Person-in-situation schemas.

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What is the perceptual process?

• Information interpretation.
• Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli
  are grouped.
• People may interpret the same information
  differently or make different attributions about
  information.

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What is the perceptual process?

• Information retrieval.
• Attention and selection, organization, and
  interpretation are part of memory.
• Information stored in memory must be retrieved in
  order to be used.

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What is the perceptual process?

• Response to the perceptual process.
• Thoughts.
• Feelings.
• Actions.

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What are commonperceptual distortions?

• Common perceptual distortions include
• Stereotypes or prototypes.
• Halo effects.
• Selective perception.
• Projection.
• Contrast effects.
• Self-fulfilling prophecy.

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What are commonperceptual distortions?

• Stereotypes or prototypes.
• Combines information based on the category or
  class to which a person, situation, or object
  belongs.
• Strong impact at the organization stage.
• Individual differences are obscured.

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What are commonperceptual distortions?

• Halo effects.
• Occur when one attribute of a person or situation
  is used to develop an overall impression of the
  individual or situation.
• Likely to occur in the organization stage.
• Individual differences are obscured.
• Important in the performance appraisal process.

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What are commonperceptual distortions?

• Selective perception.
• The tendency to single out those aspects of a
  situation, person, or object that are consistent
  with ones needs, values, or attitudes.
• Strongest impact is at the attention stage.
• Perception checking with other persons can help
  counter the adverse impact of selective
  perception.

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What are commonperceptual distortions?

• Projection.
• The assignment of ones personal attributes to
  other individuals.
• Especially likely to occur in interpretation
  stage.
• Projection can be controlled through a high
  degree of self-awareness and empathy.

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What are commonperceptual distortions?

• Contrast effects.
• Occur when an individual is compared to other
  people on the same characteristics on which the
  others rank higher or lower.

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What are commonperceptual distortions?

• Self-fulfilling prophecy.
• The tendency to create or find in another
  situation or individual that which one expected
  to find.
• Also called the Pygmalion effect.
• Can have either positive or negative outcomes.
• Managers should adopt positive and optimistic
  approaches to people at work.

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How can the perceptualprocess be managed?

• Impression management.
• A persons systematic attempt to behave in ways
  that create and maintain desired impressions in
  others eyes.
• Successful managers
• Use impression management to enhance their own
  images.
• Are sensitive to other peoples use of impression
  management.

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How can the perceptualprocess be managed?

• Distortion management.
• Managers should
• Balance automatic and controlled information
  processing at the attention and selection stage.
• Broaden their schemas at the organizing stage.
• Be attuned to attributions at the interpretation
  stage.