The Formation of Western Europe, 8001500

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QUIT
The Formation of Western Europe, 8001500
Chapter Overview
Time Line
Church Reform and the Crusades
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SECTION
Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
2
SECTION
MAP
England and France Develop
3
SECTION
A Century of Turmoil
4
SECTION
GRAPH
Visual Summary
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The Formation of Western Europe, 8001500
The Church is revitalized but its Crusades fail
to capture Jerusalem. Rising prosperity and trade
create thriving towns. France and England develop
more representative government. Bubonic plague
and the Hundred Years War bring an end to the
Middle Ages.
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The Formation of Western Europe, 8001500
Time Line
987 Capetian dynasty begins in France.
1347 Bubonic plague strikes Europe.
1096 First Crusade begins.
1215 King John approves Magna Carta.
910 Benedictine Abbey founded at Cluny, France.
1066 Norman invasion of England.
1453 Hundred Years War ends with French victory.
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Church Reform and the Crusades
Key Idea
A spiritual revival leads to Church reform, new
religious orders, and the building of Gothic
cathedrals. The Crusades, though unsuccessful,
strengthen European monarchies and increase trade
with the Middle East.
Overview
Assessment
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Church Reform and the Crusades
Overview
simony St. Francis of Assisi Gothic
Urban II Crusade Saladin Richard the
Lion-Hearted Reconquista Inquisition
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched
Crusades (religious wars) against Muslims and
others.
The Crusades resulted in trade and exploration
between Christians and Muslims but left a legacy
of distrust.
Assessment
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Church Reform and the Crusades
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List six key events that summarize the
Age of Faith.
1090sPope calls for the First Crusade.
1187Jerusalem falls to Saladin.
1492Reconquista ends in Spain.
910 Benedictine monastery founded at Cluny.
1099Jerusalem is captured by Christians.
1204Christian knights loot Constantinople.
continued . . .
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Church Reform and the Crusades
1
Section
Assessment
2. Which of the Churchs problemsmarriage of
priests, simony, lay investituredo you think was
most harmful to the Church? Why? THINK ABOUT
the effects of each problem
the reforms that corrected each problem
ANSWER
Priests marriages undermined the authority of
the Church. Simony rewarded wealth, not
merit. Lay investiture made bishops the pawns
of kings.
Possible Responses
End of Section 1
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Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
MAP
Key Idea
New farming methods and a growing food supply
lead to expansion of trade and finance and the
growth of towns. Interest in learning is revived
as universities are established and ancient works
are rediscovered.
Overview
Assessment
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Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
MAP
Overview
three-field system guild burgher
vernacular Dante Alighieri Geoffrey Chaucer
Thomas Aquinas scholastics
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
European cities challenged the feudal system as
agriculture, trade, finance, and universities
developed.
The various changes in the Middle Ages laid the
foundations for modern Europe.
Assessment
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Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
MAP
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Describe how medieval society changed
between 1000 and 1300.
Agriculture improves
Population increases
Towns grow
Universities arise
Trade expands
continued . . .
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Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
MAP
2
Section
Assessment
2. What was the effect of towns on the feudal
system? THINK ABOUT
where the new townsfolk came from
the saying Town air makes you free
the changes experienced by townspeople
ANSWER
Towns undermined the feudal system by offering
former serfs and new town dwellers economic and
social opportunities. These burghers worked
together to secure their freedom from lords.
Possible Response
continued . . .
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Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
MAP
2
Section
Assessment
3. How did guilds improve the quality of goods
and business practices? THINK ABOUT
who enforced standards of quality
who could become guild members
ANSWER
Guilds set standards for quality, weights,
measures, and prices for their goods, such as a
loaf of bread. An individual had to master a
craft before becoming a guild member.
Possible Responses
End of Section 2
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England and France Develop
Key Idea
England, united under the Normans, and France,
united by the Capetian dynasty, take the first
steps toward representative government. King John
is forced to sign the Magna Carta, and Philip IV
includes commoners in the council.
Overview
Assessment
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England and France Develop
Overview
William the Conqueror Henry II Eleanor of
Aquitaine Magna Carta parliament Philip
II Louis IX
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
As the kingdoms of England and France began to
develop into nations, certain democratic
traditions evolved.
Modern concepts of jury trials, common law, and
legal rights developed during this period.
Assessment
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England and France Develop
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Name each major step toward a
democratic government and describe why it was
important.
Parliament/Estates General
Included commoners/middle class in making laws
Magna Carta
Guaranteed basic rights
Courts
Centralized government
Led to a unified body of law in England and an
appeals court in France
Policies of English and French kings applied to
all
continued . . .
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England and France Develop
3
Section
Assessment
2. Contrast the way in which England and France
began developing as nations. THINK ABOUT
the character of William, duke of Normandy,
versus the character of Hugh Capet
the rise of the Normans to power in England
the rise of the Capetians to power in France
ANSWER
William led an invasion of England in 1066 and
granted fiefs to 200 Norman lords. Although Hugh
Capet was a weak ruler, Capetians gradually
consolidated their power.
Possible Response
End of Section 3
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A Century of Turmoil
GRAPH
Key Idea
Church teachings are challenged, and the papacy
loses prestige. The bubonic plague kills nearly
one third of Europes population, and the Hundred
Years War brings an end to the Middle Ages.
Overview
Assessment
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A Century of Turmoil
GRAPH
Overview
Avignon Great Schism John Wycliffe Jan
Hus bubonic plague Hundred Years War
Joan of Arc
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
During the 1300s, Europe was torn apart by
religious strife, the bubonic plague, and the
Hundred Years War.
Events of the 1300s led to a change in attitudes
toward religion and the state, a change reflected
in modern attitudes.
Assessment
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A Century of Turmoil
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Identify the main cause and the
long-term effect of the three events listed below.
Choice of Urban VI as pope
Popes authority undermined
Social destruction and pessimism
Fleas carried disease
Englands King Edward III claims French throne
Promotes democratic institutions
continued . . .
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A Century of Turmoil
GRAPH
4
Section
Assessment
2. What problems did survivors face after the
bubonic plague swept through their town? THINK
ABOUT
the number of dead
the social, political, and economic chaos
ANSWER
Survivors had to bury the dead, provide for other
survivors, replace town leaders and skilled
workers, and try to rebuild their world.
Possible Responses
continued . . .
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A Century of Turmoil
GRAPH
4
Section
Assessment
3. Do you think John Wycliffe and Jan Hus posed a
real threat to the Church? Why or why not? THINK
ABOUT
the two mens ideas
the condition of the Church at the time
ANSWER
Yes. Their ideas undermined the authority of the
pope and the Church. No. Their criticism of
worldly, wealthy clergy and their call for a
return to the authority of the Bible reflected
sound Christian beliefs.
Possible Responses
End of Section 4