GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF INDUSTRIAL CO2 EMISSIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

1
GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF INDUSTRIAL CO2 EMISSIONS IN
THE BALTIC STATES PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

• Alla Shogenova1,
• Saulius Sliaupa2,3,
• Kazbulat Shogenov1
• Rasa Sliaupiene2,
• Rein Vaher1 and Angelina Zabele4
• 1Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of
  Technology,
• 2Institute of Geology and Geography, Lithuania
• 3Vilnius University
• 4Latvian University

2
Problem

• Carbon dioxide (CO2), emitted largely from the
  burning of fossil fuels, is the main agent
  causing global warming.
• According to the Kyoto protocol signed by the
  Baltic countries in 2002, the level of
  air-polluting greenhouse gases should be reduced
  by 8 compared to the 1990 level.
• Reduction of carbon dioxide could be reached
  using different measures including
• the improvement of energy efficiency and demand,
• use of renewable energy sources
• capture and geological storage of CO2 (CCS).

3
CO2 capture and storage process
4
http//www.gi.ee/co2net-easthttp//www.gi.ee/co2
net-east/r/

• In 2006 the Baltic States, together with other
  European countries, started an inventory of major
  CO2 emission sources, assessment of CO2
  geological storage capacity and dissemination of
  information about CO2 capture and storage in the
  frame of
• EU GEOCAPACITY (25 countries) project and
• CO2NETEAST (8 countries) project
• supported by EU Commission Framework
• Programme 6.
• Both project were organized by GEO ENeRG
• European Network for research in GEOENERGY
• http//www.energnet.com
• .

5

• Compared to the other European countries, the
  Baltic States are in a rather unique geological
  setting. Most of the countries contain a number
  of small basins that have different
  characteristics.
• Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are situated
  within one common Baltic sedimentary basin.
  Therefore, a joint study is required for the
  assessment of the geological sinks.
• The source types and emission amounts differ
  considerably in the Baltic countries, depending
  on the socio-economic conditions.
• Geological conditions are also different, as
  these countries represent different parts of the
  Baltic basin.

6
Baltic States 1990 2005 GHG emissions in CO2
equivalents

• 1990 Reduction in
  2005
• 48 Mt in Lithuania 53
• 42.6 Mt in Estonia 51
• 26.4 Mt in Latvia 59

7
Energy Sector -2005

• 89 of GHG in Estonia
• 72 in Latvia
• 58 in Lithuania

8
GHG () by sectors
9
All registered industrial sources(European
Trading Scheme)

• 12.7 Mt (42 sources) - 59.3 of total GHG in
  Estonia
• 2.98 Mt (92 sources) - 26.7 in Latvia
• 6.6 Mt (89 sources) - 32.5 in Lithuania

10
Emissions per capita

• Estonia - 11.7 tonnes
• Lithuania - 3.4 tonnes
• Latvia - 2.5 tonnes
• 6.6 tonnes in Europe and Central Asia (data of
  the World Bank).

11
Baltic industrial emmisions

• 24 big emissions ( 3 in Lithuania and 2 in
  Estonia close to 100kt)
• 2005
• 11,5 Mt in Estonia
• 5,6 Mt in Lithuania
• 1,9 Mt of CO2 in Latvia

12
Industrial CO2 emissions in the Baltic States
13
Industrial CO2 emissions in Estonia
14

• In Lithuania -LatvianLithuanian border
• (MazeikiaiAkmene area),
• oil-processing factory - 1870 Kt
• EPS - 273 Kt of CO2
• In Latvia, - western part of the country.
• Liepaja metallurgical enterprise - 366 Kt of CO2,
  
• Liepaja EPS - 108 Kt of CO2
• cement factory in Broceni - 285 Kt of CO2.
• Three EPSs emit 619, 381 and 136 Kt of CO2 in the
  Riga area
• Cement production - northern Lithuania.
• The Naujoji Akmene Boiling Plant for Cement Plant
  produces 783 Kt of CO2.
• southeastern Lithuania - EPS in Elektrenai (715
  Kt of CO2),
• two EPSs in Vilnius (701 and 260 Kt of CO2)

15
Only industrial sources gt100 kt CO2 will be
captured

• After capture, CO2 can be either stored or
  re-used.
• CO2 can be stored in geologic formations
  including
• depleted oil and gas reservoirs
• deep saline aquifers and (salinity gt100g/l)
• unminable coal seams and abandoned coal mines
• CO2 can also be fixated in the form of minerals.

16
Geological storage for CO2
17
Baltic Emissions and natural gas pipelines Russia
Estonia Latvia Lithuania (WP1)
18
Depths of top of the Cambrian aquifer. The P-T
fields of gaseous and supercritical state of CO2
(P 73.8 bars, T 31oC) are shown. The line of
the geological cross-section is indicated.
19
Geological cross-section across Estonia, Latvia,
and LithuaniaMajor siliciclastic aquifers are
shown in yellow
20
Prospective for undeground gas storage structures
in Latvia (LEGMA, 2007)
21
Incukalns local structure in Latvia (LEGMA, 2007)
22
General Geology of EstoniaTop of the
Precambrian basement is shown by contours.
Flexures above the basement fault are shown by
yellow lines.
Section lines are shown by green..
23
General Geology of Estonia

• Section along Valga-Letipea line is modified
  after Puura Vaher, 1997.

24
Stratigraphy and properties of Cambrian reservoir
rocks
25
Hydrogeology of Estonia

• Hydrogeological cross-section of Estonian bedrock
  (compiled by R.Perens, 1997, prepared for
  GEOBALTICA project by IG TU, edited for EU
  GEOCAPACITY project)

26
Ordovician-Cambrian Aquifer System

• Compiled by R.Perens, 1997.
• Prepared for GEOBALTICA project by IG TU, edited
  for EU GEOCAPACITY project.

27
Cambrian-Vendian (Ediacaran) Aquifer System

• Compiled by R.Perens, 1997.
• Prepared for GEOBALTICA project by IG TU, edited
  for EU GEOCAPACITY project by IGTUT.

28
Baltic Emissions and natural gas pipelines Russia
Estonia Latvia Lithuania
29
CONCLUSIONS

• The Middle Cambrian siliciclastic reservoirs are
  considered prospective formations for CO2
  trapping in the Baltic region.
• The structural trapping is an option in Latvia
  having number of large anticlinal structures with
  a total potential of more than 500 Mt in the
  Middle Cambrian aquifer.
• The shallow sedimentary basin (100500 m), small
  depth of the closed oil-shale mines (6065 m) and
  use of all aquifers for drinking water supply
  make geological conditions in Estonia
  unfavourable for CO2 geological sequestration.
• Lithuania has a potential for CO2 solubility
  storage in Devonian and Middle Cambrian saline
  aquifers, but without possibilities for
  structural trapping (liaupa et al. 2005).

30
CONCLUSIONS

• The Incukalns underground gas storage operating
  in Latvia, which is used for the supply of
  natural gas to Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, is
  a positive example of collaboration in the
  region.
• The existing infrastructure of pipelines, already
  connecting the large Baltic CO2 sources with
  Latvian prospective anticlinal structures,
  provides a possibility of reducing the price of
  the future CO2 pipelines and a good prospect for
  geological storage of the substantial Baltic
  industrial CO2 emissions in the most favourable
  geological conditions available in Latvia.

31
Other options in Estonia

• Eesti Energia is utilizing a process for
  neutralizing alkaline ash transport water through
  a reaction with liquid CO2.
• In June of this year Eesti Energia launched a
  research project to study the potential for CO2
  capture by the alkaline ash that is generated as
  a residue during power generation. This solution
  will be an alternative to the many developing CO2
  sequestration technologies.