pt sast padet pes Development of Adaptive Educational Hypermedia

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pt sast padet pes Development of Adaptive Educational Hypermedia

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a??pt??? (s?ed?as ?? ?a? ???p???s?) p??sa? ?st???? e?pa?de?t???? ?pe? ?s?? ... Design Models to Authoring Tools, in Murray T., Blessing S. & Ainsworth S. (eds. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: pt sast padet pes Development of Adaptive Educational Hypermedia

1
???pt??? ???sa?µ?st???? ??pa?de?t????
?pe?µ?s??Development of Adaptive Educational
Hypermedia

Ta??s?? ?ta?a?t??µ??
daradoumis_at_aegean.gr

2
s?????

epa?????? t?? p??????µ????
?a??
??a ??µata
a??pt??? (s?ed?asµ?? ?a? ???p???s?)
p??sa?µ?st???? e?pa?de?t???? ?pe?µ?s??
design and authoring of AEH

3
epa?????? t??
p??????µ????
4
?ES?

???sµ??
??a ???e d?af??et??? e?pa?de??µe??, d?at????? ??a
µ??t??? p?? a?apa??st? t? p??f?? t??, ?a?
???s?µ?p????? a?t? t? µ??t??? ??a ?a
p??sa?µ????ta? sta ?a?a?t???st??? a?t?? t??
e?pa?de??µe???
s?µas?a
e?at?µ??e?µ??? µ???s? -gt ????? p???t?ta
a?t?st??f?
one-size-fits-all

5
e?a??a?t???? ??se??
adaptability
6
?e???? a???te?t?????
µ??t??? ???st?
µ??t??? ???st???? a?t??e?µ????
7
?p??e?µe?a p??sa?µ???? ta????µ?a (what can
be adapted?)
??? ßas???? ?p??es?e?
p??sa?µ?st??? pa???s?as? (pe??e??µe??)
adaptation technologies
ep????? d?af???? µ?s?? pa???s?as?? (µ??s???,
ß??te?, ...)
p??sa?µ?st??? p?????s? (s??d?se??)
8
S????? p??sa?µ?st???? te?????????

? p??sa?µ?st??? pa???s?as?
µp??e? ?a ße?t??se? t?? ???st???t?ta t??
pa???s?as?? t?? e?pa?de?t???? ??????
? ?p?st????? p??sa?µ?st???? p?????s?? ?a? ?
p??sa?µ?st??? se???a?? e?????? (adaptive
sequencing)
µp????? ?a ???s?µ?p??????? ??a s??????? ??e???
t?? µa??µat?? ?a? ??a ?a ß????s??? t???
e?pa?de??µe???? ?a ep??????? ta p?? s?et??? test?
?a? e??as?e?, ?a??? ?a? t?? p?? ?at?????e?
se??de? ??a µe??t?
? ?p?st????? ep???s?? p??ß??µ?t??
e?f??? a????s? ??se??, ?p?st????? d?ad?ast????
ep???s?? p??ß??µ?t??, ep???s? p??ß??µ?t??
ßas?sµ??? se pa?ade??µata
µp??e? ?a ße?t??se? s?µa?t??? t? d???e?? µe
e??as?e?, pa?????ta? d?ad?ast???t?ta ?a? e?f??
a?at??f?d?t?s?
?? te???????e? ta????sµat?? µ??t???? (student
model matching)
µp????? ?a e??s??s??? t?? d?a?e???s? t??
µa??µ?t?? ap? ap?stas? ?a??? ?a? t??
ep????????a/s??e??as?a µeta?? t?? e?pa?de??µe???
?a? t?? e?pa?de?t??

9
a??pt??? p??sa?µ?st???? ?pe?µ?s??
Brusilovsky P., Developing Adaptive Educational
Hypermedia Systems From Design Models to
Authoring Tools, in Murray T., Blessing S.
Ainsworth S. (eds.), Authoring Tools for Advanced
Technology Learning Environments, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 2003.
10
pe??????

ta p??sa?µ?st??? ?pe?µ?sa e??a? ? ??a pe????? t??
??e??a? ?p?? s??a?t???ta? ta ?pe?µ?sa, ta
p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata, ?a? ta e?f?? d?da?t???
s?st?µata
ta e?pa?de?t??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? e??a? a?t? t?
st??µ? t? p?? d?µ?f???? e?d?? p??sa?µ?st????
?pe?µ?s??
st???? a?t?? t?? ?????? e??a? ?a ap??a???e? ta
µ?st??? t?? d?µ??????a? p??sa?µ?st????
e?pa?de?t???? s?st?µ?t??
t? ????? pa???e? µ?a saf? d?µ?µ??? e????a t??
d?ad??as?a? d?µ??????a? p??sa?µ?st???? ?pe?µ?s??
a??????ta? ap? t? p???µ? st?d?? t?? s?ed?asµ??
ep?s?? a?af??eta? se µe???? s??????a s?st?µata
d?µ??????a? p??sa?µ?st???? ?pe?µ?s?? (authoring
tools) ta ?p??a e??a? p??sa?at???sµ??a se
e?pa?de?t?????

11
e?sa???? (1/3)

ta p??sa?µ?st??? ?pe?µ?sa e??a? µ?a e?a??a?t???
p??s????s? st?? pa?ad?s?a?? p??s????s?
"one-size-fits-all" st?? a??pt??? t?? s?st?µ?t??
?pe?µ?s??
ta p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? ?t????? ??a
µ??t??? t?? st????, t?? p??t?µ?se?? ?a? t??
???s?? ?a?e??? ???st?, ?a? ???s?µ?p????? a?t? t?
µ??t??? se ??? t? d????e?a t?? a????ep?d?as??,
?ste ?a p??sa?µ?st??? st?? a????e? ???e ???st?
??a? e?pa?de??µe??? se ??a p??sa?µ?st???
e?pa?de?t??? s?st?µa ?pe?µ?s?? ?aµß??e? µ?a
pa???s?as? ? ?p??a e??a? p??sa?µ?sµ???
s???e???µ??a st? ???s? p?? ??e? s?et??? µe t?
??µa, ?a? ??a p??te???µe?? s????? s?et????
s??d?sµ?? ?ste ?a s??e??se?
µ?a p??sa?µ?st??? ??e?t?????? e??????pa?de?a ?a
p??sa?µ?se? t? pe??e??µe?? e??? ????? ?ste ?a
a?tap?????eta? st? ???s? ?a? ta e?d?af????ta t??
e??st?te ???st?
??a e??????? µ??se?? ?a p??sa?µ?se? t??
pa???s?as? ???e e???µat?? st?? ?d?a?te?? p??e?a
p?? ???e? ?a a???????se? ? e??st?te ep?s??pt??
st? µ??se??

12
e?sa???? (2/3)

ta p??sa?µ?st??? ?pe?µ?sa µp????? ?a e??a?
???s?µa se efa?µ???? ?p?? ?? ???ste? ?????
d?af??et????? st????? ?a? ???s?, ?a??? ?a? e?e?
?p?? ? ?pe?????? e??a? µe?????
???ste? µe d?af??et????? st????? ?a? ???s? µp??e?
?a e?d?af????ta? ??a d?af??et??? tµ?µata
p????f???a? p?? pa???s?????ta? se µ?a se??da
?pe?µ?s?? ?a? µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p?????
d?af??et????? s??d?sµ??? ??a p?????s?
ta p??sa?µ?st??? ?pe?µ?sa p??spa???? ?a
?epe??s??? a?t? t? p??ß??µa ???s?µ?p????ta? t?
???s? p?? a?apa??stata? st? µ??t??? t?? ???st?
??a ?a p??sa?µ?s??? t?? p????f???e? ?a? t???
s??d?sµ??? p?? pa???s?????ta? st? s???e???µ???
???st?

13
e?sa???? (3/3)

? p??sa?µ??? µp??e? ep?s?? ?a ß????se? t? ???st?
st?? p?????s? p?? e??a? a??et? s?µa?t???,
?d?a?te?a se µe?????? ?pe???????
????????ta? t??? st????? ?a? t? ???s? t?? ???st?,
ta p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata µp????? ?a
?p?st??????? t?? p?????s? t?? ???st??,
pe????????ta? t?? ???? pe?????s??, p??te????ta?
t??? p?? s?et????? ?pe?s??d?sµ???, ? pa?????ta?
p??sa?µ?st??? s????a se ??at??? ?pe?s??d?sµ???
se ??a e?pa?de?t??? p?a?s??, ???ste? µe
e?a??a?t????? µa??s?a???? st????? ?a? ???s? sta
d??f??a ??µata ??e?????ta?, ßas???, d?af??et???
a?t?µet?p?s?
?d?a?te?a se µe???a d?ad??t?a?? s?st?µata
e?pa?de?s??, e??a? p??? p??a?? ?a? ???s?µ? ?
???st?? ?a ?a?e? st?? ?pe?????"

14
?e???? ?d?a (1/2)

t? µ?st??? t?? p??sa?µ?st???t?ta? se ??a ta
p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? e??a? ? ???s?
p?s? ap? t?? se??de?
??a ta e?pa?de?t??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s??
µ??te??p????? µe saf? ?a? ??t? t??p? t? ???s? t??
???st???? ped??? p?? ?a d?da??e? µe t? µ??f?
st???e??d?? µ???d?? ???s?? (knowledge elements)
? e?????? p?? s??µat????? ??a ???? ???s??
(knowledge space)
??a ?a µp???se? ??a p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µa ?a
??????e? t? pa???s???eta? se µ?a s???e???µ???
se??da ? se ??a tµ?µa µ?a? se??da?, ? d?µ???????
e??? p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µat?? ?pe?µ?s??, p??pe?
?a ?a????se? t?? st???e??de?? µ???de? ???s?? p??
ß??s???ta? p?s? ap? t? se??da. ?e a?t? t??
t??p? d?µ?????e? s??d?sµ??? µeta?? t?? ?????
???s?? ?a? t?? ?pe?????? t?? e?pa?de?t???? ??????

15
?e???? ?d?a (2/2)

O? ap?t??esµa, ? s?ed?asµ?? ?a? ? d?µ??????a e???
e?pa?de?t???? p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µat?? ?pe?µ?s??
e??a? pe??ss?te?? p???p???a ap? t? s?ed?asµ? e???
?a??????? e?pa?de?t???? ?pe?µ?s??
e?t?? ap? t? d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????
?a? t? d?µ??????a t?? se??d?? µe e?pa?de?t???
pe??e??µe??,
? d?µ??????? e??? p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µat??
?pe?µ?s?? ??e???eta? ep?s?? ?a d?µ?se? t? ????
t?? ???s??
?a? ?a ???se? t?? s??d?se?? µeta?? t?? ????? t??
???s?? ?a? t?? ?pe?????? t?? e?pa?de?t???? ??????

16
d?µ?s? t?? ????? p????f?????
17
t? t?µ?µa t?? p??sa?µ?st???t?ta?
?a?????? e?pa?de?t??? ?pe?µ?sa
s?ed?asµ?? ?a? d?µ?s? t?? ?pe?????? t??
e?pa?de?t???? ??????
18
??µata ??a t?? s?ed?asµ? e??? ??S?

d?µ?s? t?? ???s?? (knowledge space)
µ??t??? ???st???? ped??? (domain model)
µ??t??? e?pa?de??µe??? (student model)
µ??te??p???s? e??? e?pa?de?t???? st????
s??des? t?? ???s?? µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ?????
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e? (concept-based
hyperspace)
a?t?st????s? se??d?? (page indexing)
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s? (fragment indexing)
µ??t?? p??se???se??
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????

19
µ??t??? ???st???? ped??? (domain model) (1/6)

?? ßas??? s?µe?? t?? p??s????s?? e??a? ??a
d?µ?µ??? µ??t??? ???st???? ped??? t? ?p???
ap?te?e?ta? ap? ??a s????? µ????? st???e??d??
µ???d?? ???s?? (domain knowledge elements DKE)
???e DKE a?apa??st? ??a st???e??de? tµ?µa ???s??
??a t? ded?µ??? ped??
?a DKE µp????? ?a ???µast??? d?af??et??? se
d?af??et??? s?st?µata (?????e?, a?t??e?µe?a
???s??, ??µata, st???e??de?? ???se??, µa??s?a???
s??p??, µa??s?a?? ap?te??sµata, ??p.), a??? se
???e pe??pt?s? d??????? st???e??d? tµ?µata ???s??
t?? ped???
?d? ep??????µe ?a ?a???µe ta DKE ?? ?????e?

??????a µe t? ???st??? ped??, t?? pe?????
efa?µ????, ?a? t?? ep????? t?? s?ed?ast?, ??
?????e? µp????? ?a a?apa??st??? µe?a??te?a ?
µ????te?a tµ?µata t?? ???s?? t?? ped???
??a s????? e?????? t?? ped??? s??µat??e? ??a
µ??t??? ???st???? ped???
S???e???µ??a, ??a s????? a?e???t?t?? e??????
e??a? ? ap???ste?? µ??f? µ??t???? ???st????
ped??? p?? ???eta? µ??t??? s?????? ? µ??t???
d?a??sµat?? ??at? t? s????? t?? e?????? de? ??e?
es?te???? d?µ?

se µ?a p?? p??????µ??? µ??f? µ??t???? ???st????
ped???, ?? ?????e? s?et????ta? µeta?? t???
s??µat????ta? ??a e?d?? s?µas????????? d??t???,
a?t? t? d??t?? a?apa??st? t? d?µ? t?? ???st????
ped??? p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? se ??a s?st?µa
?pe?µ?s??, ?a? ???eta? µ??t??? d??t???

sta p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s??, ta µ??t??a
???st???? ped??? d?af????? s?µa?t??? se
p???p????t?ta
µp??e? ?a p???a?e? ??p???? ?t? µe????
p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? p??
a?apt?????a? ??a t? d?das?a??a p?a?t????
pa?ep?st?µ?a??? µa??µ?t?? ???s?µ?p???sa? t?
ap???ste?? d?a??sµat??? µ??t??? ???st???? ped???
t?? ?d?a st??µ? p???? s??????a p??sa?µ?st???
s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? ???s?µ?p????? d??t??µ??a
µ??t??a µe d??f??a e?d? s??d?sµ?? p??
a?apa??st??? d?af??et??? e?d? s??se?? µeta?? t??
e??????

t? p?? d?µ?f???? e?d?? s??d?sµ?? se e?pa?de?t???
s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? e??a? ?? p??apa?t??µe???
s??desµ?? µeta?? t?? e?????? p?? a?apa??st??? t?
?e????? ?t? µ?a ap? t?? s?et???? ?????e? p??pe?
?a ???e? ???st? p??? ap? µ?a ????
a?t?? ?? s??desµ?? e??a? s?et??? e????? ?a
?ata??????? ap? t??? d?µ???????? p??sa?µ?st????
s?st?µ?t?? ?pe?µ?s?? ?a? ?a ?p?st??????? d??f??e?
te?????? p??sa?µ???? ?a? µ??te??p???s?? ???st?
se p???? p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s??, ??
p??apa?t??µe??? s??desµ?? e??a? t? µ??ad??? e?d??
s??d?sµ?? µeta?? t?? e??????. ???a e?d? s??d?sµ??
p?? e??a? d?µ?f??? se p???? s?st?µata e??a?
??as???? s?µas????????? s??desµ?? "is-a" ?a?
"part-of"

µ?a a??µa d?af??? st?? p???p????t?ta s?et??eta?
µe t?? es?te???? d?µ? e??????
??a t? p?e????t?ta t?? e?pa?de?t????
p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µ?t?? ?pe?µ?s??, ?? ?????e?
t?? ???st???? ped??? de? e??a? t?p?ta ???? pa??
???µata p?? d??????? tµ?µata ???s?? t?? ped???
t?? ?d?a st??µ?, µe???? ?S? ???s?µ?p????? µ?a p??
p??????µ??? a?apa??stas? t?? ???s?? µe t? µ??f?
p?a?s???, p.?. p?? a?apa??st? µ?a es?te???? d?µ?
???e ?????a? ?? ??a s????? ?a?a?t???st????
(attributes)

µ?a ap? t?? p?? s?µa?t???? ?e?t?????e? t??
µ??t???? e?pa?de??µe??? e??a? ?a pa???e? ??a
p?a?s?? a?apa??stas?? ??a t? ???s? p?? ??e? ?
???st?? ??a t? ???st??? ped??
? p?e????t?ta t?? e?pa?de?t???? p??sa?µ?st????
s?st?µ?t?? ?pe?µ?s?? ???s?µ?p??e? t? µ??t???
ep???????? (overlay model) t?? ???s?? t?? ???st?
(ep?s?? ???st? ?? overlay µ??t??? e?pa?de??µe???)
? ßas??? a??? a?t?? t?? µ??t???? e??a? ?t? ??a
???e ?????a t?? µ??t???? ???st???? ped???, t?
µ??t??? ???s?? t?? ???e ???st? ap????e?e? µe????
ded?µ??a p?? e??a? µ?a e?t?µ?s? t?? ep?p?d?? t??
???s?? t?? ???st? se a?t? t?? ?????a

st?? ap???ste?? (?a? pa?a??te?? µ??f?) e??a? µ?a
d?ad??? t?µ? (???st?/????st?) ? ?p??a d??e? t?
d??at?t?ta st? µ??t??? ?a a?apa?ast?se? t? ???s?
t?? ???st? ?? ep??????? t?? ???s?? t?? ???st????
ped???

???a ap? a?t? t?? ??as??? µ??f? t?? µ??t????
ep????????, ? p?e????t?ta t?? s?st?µ?t??
???s?µ?p??e? ??a ????sµ??? µ??t??? ep????????
t? ?p??? µp??e? ?a d?a????e? d??f??a ep?peda t??
???s?? t?? ???st? ??a µ?a ?????a ???s?µ?p????ta?
µ?a p???t??? t?µ?, p.? ?a???-µ?t????-?a???
µ?a a???a?? p?s?t??? t?µ?, p.? ap? 0 - 10, ?
µ?a p??a??t?ta ?a ??????e? ? ???st?? t?? ?????a

??a ????sµ??? µ??t??? ep???????? t?? ???s?? e???
???st? µp??e? ?a a?apa?asta?e? ?? ??a s?????
?e??a???? ?????a t?µ?, ??a ?e????? ??a ???e
?????a t?? ???st???? ped???
t? µ??t??? ep???????? e??a? ?s???? ?a? e?????t?
??at? µp??e? ?a µet??se? µe t??p? a?e???t?t? t?
???s? t?? ???st? se d??f??e? ?????e?
?a s?µe???e? ?t? µe???? e?????ta p??sa?µ?st???
s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? p?? ????? e?s?µat?se?
e??a?e?a s?st?µ?t?? e?f???? d?das?a??a? (ITS)
???s?µ?p????? pe??ss?te?? pe??te??a e?d? µ??t????
ep???????? ??a ?a ap????e???? ?e????st? p???ap???
e?de??e?? s?et??? µe t? ep?ped? ???s?? t?? ???st?

µa?? µe t? µ??t??? ep???????? e??????, ??a?
a???µ?? p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µ?t?? ?pe?µ?s??
d?at??e? ep?s?? ??a µ??t??? se ep?ped? se??da?,
???st? ?? ?st????? µ??t??? (historic model)
a?t? t? µ??t??? d?at??e? µe????? p????f???e?
s?et??? µe t?? ep?s?e??µ?t?ta t?? ???st? st??
d??f??e? se??de?, ?p?? t? p????? t?? ep?s???e?? ?
t? ????? pa?aµ???? se ???e se??da
?a??? se µe???? p???µa p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata
?pe?µ?s?? t? ?st????? µ??t??? ?ta? t? µ??? e?d??
µ??t???? e?pa?de??µe??? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta?, ta
s??????a p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s??
te????? ?a t? a?????? ? ?a t? ???s?µ?p????? ??
de?te?e???sa p??? p??sa?µ????
a??µa t? ALE, ??a ap? ta p?? p??sfata s?st?µata
d?µ??????a? p??sa?µ?st???? ?pe?µ?s?? de? ??e?
µ??t??? ep???????? e?????? ?a? ?? p??sa?µ???? t??
ßas????ta? e?????????? se ??a ?st????? µ??t???

? ??a??t?ta e??? p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µat??
?pe?µ?s?? ?a ?t??e? ??a µ??t??? e?pa?de?t????
st???? e??a? p??? ???s?µ? ?a?a?t???st???, af??
epe?te??e? t?? p??sa?µ?st???t?ta ?a? e?e????a t??
a?t? t? ?a?a?t???st??? ep?t??pe? st?? e?pa?de?t?
(? t?? e?pa?de??µe??) ?a ???se? d?af??et?????
e?pa?de?t????? st????? se d?af??et?????
e?pa?de??µe???? p?? e??????ta? µe t? ?d?? s?st?µa
???s?µ?p????ta? a?t??? t??? e?at?µ??e?µ?????
st?????, ??a p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µa µp??e? ?a
ß????se? d?af??et????? e?pa?de??µe???? ?a
ep?t????? d?af??et????? e?pa?de?t????? st?????
µ?sa st? ?d?? µ???µa.

a?t? t? st??µ?, ta pe??ss?te?a e?pa?de?t???
p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? de? ????? t?
d??at?t?ta ?a µ??te??p???s??? e?at?µ??e?µ?????
e?pa?de?t????? st????? ??a t??? e?pa?de??µe????
se a?t? ta s?st?µata ???? ?? e?pa?de??µe??? ?????
t?? ?d?? a?t????t? e?pa?de?t??? st??? ?a µ?????
??e? t?? ?????e? p?? pe????e? t? µ??t???
???st???? ped???
se e????sta s?st?µata p?? ?p?st??????? p???ap????
e?pa?de?t????? st?????, t? µ??t??? ???st????
ped??? p??sf??e? ??a f?s??? p?a?s?? ??a
µ??te??p???s? st????

s?µf??a µe a?t? t? p??s????s?, ??a? st???e??d??
e?pa?de?t???? st???? e??a? ap?? ??a ?p?s????? t??
e?????? t?? ???st???? ped??? p?? p??pe? ?a µ??e?
? µa??t??
a?t?? ? st???? µp??e? ?a a?ate?e? se ??a
e?pa?de??µe?? ?e????st? ap? t?? d?µ?????? t??
µa??µat??, t?? e?pa?de?t? ? ?a ep??e??e? ap? t??
?d?? t?? e?pa?de??µe??
??a? t?t???? µ??a??sµ?? st???? ep?t??pe? se
d?af??et????? µa??t?? ?a ep?d?????? d?af??et?????
e?pa?de?t????? st????? µ?sa st? ?d?? s?st?µa

G?a pa??de??µa, ??a? µa??t?? µp??e? ?a ep????e?
??a e?pa?de?t??? st??? p?? µp??e? ?a e??a? µ?a
e??as?a, µ?a ?s??s?, ? ??p??a ???? e?pa?de?t???
d?ast????t?ta ?? µa???p???esµ? st???
t?te ?? p??apa?t??µe?e? ?????e? a?t?? t??
d?ast????t?ta? s??µat????? ??a? at?µ???
e?pa?de?t??? st???

??a? p?? p??????µ???? st???e??d?? e?pa?de?t????
st???? µp??e? ?a a?apa?asta?e? ?? ??a s?????
?e??a????
µ?a ?????a ?a? t? ep?d????µe?? ep?ped? ???s?? t??
st???e??de?? e?pa?de?t???? st???? µp????? ?a
???a?????? se p???p????te???? st?????
a????????ta? se???a?? d?µ? (?? st???? p??pe? ?a
ep?te?????? ??a? p??? ??a?) ? de?d???? d?µ? (??
st???? p??pe? ?a ep?te?????? ap? ta f???a p??? t?
???a)

??a pa??de??µa, t? INSPIRE ep?t??pe? se ??a?
e?pa?de??µe?? ?a ep????e? ??a d?µ?µ???
e?pa?de?t??? st??? ??a e?µ???s?. ??t?? ?
d?µ?µ???? st???? µp??e? ?a s??te?e? ap? µ?a se???
st???e??d?? ?p?st????, p?? ???µ????ta? ep?peda,
?p?? ?a???a ap? a?t? ap?te?e?ta? ap? ??a s?????
e?????? p??? e?µ???s?

? p??s????s? p?? ?a ???s?µ?p???s??µe ??a ?a
s??d?s??µe ?????e? µe se??de? ep??e??e?
s?µa?t??? t?? t??p? µe t?? ?p??? ?a d?µ?s??µe
?at?p?? t?? ?pe?????.
? d?ad??as?a s??des?? t?? ???s?? (t?? ???st????
ped???) µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ????? e??a? ep?s??
???st? ?? a?t?st????s?, d??. ?a???????µe ??a
s????? e?????? p?? a?t?st???e? se (pe?????feta?
ap?) µ?a se??da t?? e?pa?de?t???? ??????
(p???µa p?? e??a? pa??µ??? µe
t? ?a a?t?st????s??µe µ?a se??da pe??e??µ???? µe
??a s????? ???e?? ??e?d??)
?p?????? t?sse??? s?µa?t???? ap??e?? p??
d?a???????? d?af??et???? p??se???se??
a?t?st????s?? ? p???????µ?? (cardinality), ?
?ept?t?ta ?ataµe??sµ?? (granularity), ? p?????s?
(navigation), ?a? ? e?f?ast??? d??aµ? (expressive
power)

ap? t? ?p??? t?? p???a???µ??, ????µe d??
d?af??et???? pe??pt?se??
a?t?st????s? µeµ???µ???? ?????a? ?ta? ???e tµ?µa
t?? e?pa?de?t???? ?????? s?et??eta? µe µ?a ?a?
µ??? µ?a ?????a t?? µ??t???? ???st???? ped???,
e??a? ap???ste?? ?a? p?? ?ata???t? ??a t???
(?pe?????) d?µ????????
a?t?st????s? p???ap??? e?????? ?ta? ???e tµ?µa
µp??e? ?a s?s?et?s?e? µe p????? ?????e?, e??a?
p?? ?s????, a??? ???e? t? s?st?µa p?? p???p????
?a? ??e???eta? ?µ?de? d?µ??????a? µe pe??ss?te?a
p??s??ta
p.?., µp????µe ?a ep??????µe a?t?st????s?
µeµ???µ???? ?????a? ?ta? s??pe???µe ?a
a?apt????µe µ????te?a s?st?µata ?a? ap???ste?a
???st??? ped?a

? e?f?ast??? d??aµ? t?? a?t?st????s?? s?et??eta?
µe t?? p?s?t?ta p????f???a? p?? µp??e? ?a
pe????e? ??a? s??desµ?? p?? s??d?e? µ?a ?????a µe
µ?a se??da
? ap???ste?? pe??pt?s? e??a? ?a ????µe ??
p????f???a ap?? ?a? µ??? t? ???µa t?? s??d?sµ??
(???st? ?? ep?ped? a?t?st????s? ?a?
???s?µ?p??e?ta? sta pe??ss?te?a ?p?????ta
s?st?µata)
s?st?µata µe µe???? ?pe????? ?a? p??????µ??e?
te?????? p??sa?µ???? s?s?et????? pe??ss?te?e?
p????f???e? µe ???e s??desµ? ???s?µ?p????ta?
?????? ?/?a? ßa??t?te?

? a???es? e??? ????? se ??a s??desµ? ß????e? st?
?a d?a????s??µe p???? e?d? s??d?se?? µeta??
e?????? ?a? se??d??
p. ?., ????? p?? d?a???????? pe??pt?se?? ?p?? µ?a
se??da pa???e?
µ?a e?sa????, µ?a ßas??? epe????s? ? µ?a pe??????
µ?a? ?????a?
? p??apa?t??µe??? ????? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ?ta? µ?a
?????a de? pa???s???eta? st? se??da, a??? ?st?s?
??e???eta? ??a t?? ?a??te?? ?ata???s? t?? se??da?
? ßa??t?ta e??? s??d?sµ?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a ?a
a???se? t?? e?f?ast??? d??aµ? t?? a?t?st????s??
µeta?? µ?a? ?????a? ?a? µ?a? se??da?, p.?.,
µp??e? ?a e?f???e? t? p?s?st? ???s?? ??a µ?a
?????a p?? pa???s???eta? st?? a?t?st???? se??da.

? ?ept?t?ta ?ataµe??sµ?? (granularity) s?et??eta?
µe t?? a???ße?a t?? a?t?st????s??
?? d?? p?? s????? pe??pt?se?? e??a?
? a?t?st????s? ????????? t?? ?pe?µes???? se??da?
µe t?? ?????e?
? a?t?st????s? tµ?µ?t?? se??da? µe ?????e?

µ??t??? ???st???? ped???
µ??t??? e?pa?de??µe???
µ??te??p???s? e?pa?de?t???? st????
s??des? ???s?? µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ?????
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e?
a?t?st????s? se??d??
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s?
µ??t?? p??se???se??
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????
42
s??des? ???s?? µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ????? (6/7)

? p?????s? e??a? s?µa?t??? ??a t? d?a????sµ?
µ?a? pe??pt?s?? ?p?? ??a? s??desµ?? µeta?? µ?a?
?????a? ?a? µ?a se??da? ?p???e? µ??? se
e??????????? ep?ped? ?a? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? µ??? ap?
es?te?????? µ??a??sµ??? p??sa?µ???? t??
s?st?µat??
ap? t?? pe??pt?s? ?p?? ???e s??desµ?? ?a?????e?
ep?s?? ??a µ???p?t? p?????s??
(a?t? ? pe??pt?s? e??a? ?a? ? p?? f?s????????
af?? d??e? e??a???e? ??a p??? p???s?a p?????s?
p?????s? ßas?sµ??? st?? ?????e?)
ap? µ?a se??da µe e?pa?de?t??? ?????, ?? µa??t??
µp????? ?a p????????? se ??e? t?? ?????e? p??
s??d???ta? µe t? se??da
?a? ap? ???e ?????a se ??e? t?? se??de? p??
s?et????ta? µe a?t? t?? ?????a.

???s?µ?p????ta? t?? pa?ap??? 4 ap??e??, ta
?p?????ta p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s??
p??te????? d??f????? t??p??? a?t?st????s?? p??
µp????? ?a pe????af??? µe t?e?? ßas????
p??se???se?? p?? a?af????ta? st? s????e?a
ta s?st?µata p?? ???s?µ?p????? t?? ?d?a
p??s????s? a?t?st????s?? ????? pa??µ??a d?µ?
?pe?????? ?a? te?????? p??sa?µ????
?at? s???pe?a ? p??s????s? a?t?st????s?? p??
ep????eta? ap? t??? d?µ???????? ?S ?a?????e?, se
??a µe???? ßa?µ?, t? ?e?t???????t?ta e???
p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µat?? ?pe?µ?s??

e??a? ? ap???ste?? p??s????s? ??a t?? ??????s?
t?? s??d?se?? µeta?? ????? ???s?? ?a? ?pe??????,
e?d??? ??a ???e p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µa ?pe?µ?s??
p?? ???s?µ?p??e? a?t?st????s? µeµ???µ???? ?????a?
d?? e?d???? p??se???se??
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ap??? ? p??sa???µ??e?
?????e?

? p??s????s? t?? ?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ap???
?????e? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? se s?st?µata p?? ?????
a???ß?? µ?a se??da e?pa?de?t???? ?????? ??a ???e
?????a
µe a?t? t? p??s????s?, ? ?pe?????? ?t??eta? sa?
??a a???ß?? a?t???af? t?? µ??t???? ???st????
ped???
???e ?????a t?? µ??t???? ???st???? ped???
a?apa??stata? ap? ??a a???ß?? ??µß? t??
?pe??????, e?? ?? s??desµ?? (s??se??) µeta?? t??
e?????? s???st??? ta ????a µ???p?t?a µeta??
??µß?? t?? ?pe??????

d?µ?s? t?? ???s??
µ??t??? ???st???? ped???
µ??t??? e?pa?de??µe???
µ??te??p???s? e?pa?de?t???? st????
s??des? ???s?? µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ?????
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e?
a?t?st????s? se??d??
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s?
µ??t?? p??se???se??
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????
46
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e? (3/12)
d?µ?s? t?? ???s??
µ??t??? ???st???? ped???
µ??t??? e?pa?de??µe???
µ??te??p???s? e?pa?de?t???? st????
s??des? ???s?? µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ?????
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e?
a?t?st????s? se??d??
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s?
µ??t?? p??se???se??
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????
47
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e? (4/12)

??a a??et? e???st??? ?a?a?t???st?? a?t?? t??
p??s????s?? e??a? ?t? ? e?pa?de?t???? ?pe??????
µp??e? ?a d?µ??e? t??e?a, ap?? ?a? µ??? µe t??
a?t?st????s? ?a? de? ??e???eta? ??p??a ep?p????
p??s????s? d?µ?s?? t?? ?pe?????? (p?? ß??p??µe
pa?a??t?)
? p??s????s? ßas?sµ??? st?? ap??? ?????e? ?ta?
a??et? d?µ?f???? st? ?e????µa t?? e?pa?de?t????
p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µ?t?? ?pe?µ?s?? p?? e??a? t??
???e? t??? sta e?f?? d?da?t??? s?st?µata (ITS)
??a a?t? ta s?st?µata ? ?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st??
?????e? ?ta? ap?? ? e?????te??? ?a? p?? f?s????
t??p?? ?a d?µ??????s??µe ??a? ?a?? d?µ?µ???
?pe?????.

t??a ?µ??, sp???a ???s?µ?p??e?ta? se e?pa?de?t???
p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? st?? ?a?a?? t??
µ??f?, ??at? ???e se??da t?? ?pe?????? ??e???eta?
?a af?e???eta? se a???ß?? µ?a ?????a
e??a? ?at?????? ??a a??pt??? µa??s?a??? ??????
e??????pa?d???? d?µ?? ?p?? e??????pa?de?e?,
e??e???d?a, ?a? ???ss???a, a??? p??? pe?????st???
??a p?a?t??? e?pa?de?s? ßas?sµ??? st?? ?st? ?p??
µp????? ?a d?µ?????????? p???ap??? se??de?
e?pa?de?t???? ?????? ??a ?a d?d????? t?? ?d?a
?????a t?? µ??t???? ???st???? ped???
? p?? t?p??? ???s? a?t?? t?? p??s????s?? sta
s??????a e?pa?de?t??? p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata
?pe?µ?s?? e??a? ?a a?apa?ast?se? ??a µ???? t??
?pe??????, ?p?? ??a ???ss???? e?????? ? ??a
???ss???? s??a?t?se?? µ?a? ???ssa?
p????aµµat?sµ??.

ta e?pa?de?t??? p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s??
µe p???s?? pe??e??µe?? ?a? a?t?st????s?
µeµ???µ???? ?????a? µp????? ?a ???s?µ?p???s???
µ?a p??s????s? s?ed?asµ?? ?pe?????? ßas?sµ????
st?? p??sa???µ??e? ?????e?
µe a?t? t? s?ed?ast??? p??s????s? p???ap???
se??de? p?? pe?????f??? t?? ?d?a ?????a
s??d???ta? µe a?t? t?? ?????a t?s? st? ???? t??
p????f????? ?s? ?a? st?? ?st?????
?ata????, ???e ?????a ??e? µ?a a?t?st????
?e?t???? se??da st?? ?pe?????
? ?e?t???? se??da t?? ?????a? e??a? s??dedeµ???
µ?s? s??d?sµ?? µe ??e? t?? e?pa?de?t???? se??de?
t?? ?pe?????? p?? s?et????ta? µe a?t? t?? ?????a

?? s??desµ?? µp????? ?a ????? s???e???µ???
ßa??t?ta, ?st?s? a?t? de? e??a? apa?a?t?t? ??a t?
???s? a?t?? t?? p??s????s??
? e?pa?de??µe??? µp??e? ?a p??????e? µeta?? t??
?e?t????? se??d?? e?????? ???s?µ?p????ta? t???
e????????????? s??d?sµ??? ?a? ap? ?e?t?????
se??de? se se??de? µe e?pa?de?t??? ????? s?et????
µe t?? ?????a
a?t? ? p??s????s? ?a µp????se ?a ???s?µ?p????e?
??a t? d?µ??????a s?et??? µe????? p??sa?µ?st????
s?st?µ?t?? ?pe?µ?s?? p?? ????? ?a?a?? d?µ? ?a?
ep?t??p??? ??a? p????? te?????? p??sa?µ????

? p??s????s? s?ed?asµ?? ?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st??
?????e? ??te? ?s????? apa?t?se?? st? µ??t???
???st???? ped???
p??ta apa?te? ??a µ??t??? µe ?a????sµ?????
s??d?sµ??? µeta?? e?????? (? ?a??te?a, µe p????
e?d? s??d?sµ??) ?? ?p???? ?a ???s?µ?p??????? ??a
?a ???s??? t??? ?pe?s??d?sµ???
??a? a??µa pe?????sµ?? e??a? ?t? a?t? ?
p??s????s? µp??e? d?s???a ?a ???s?µ?p????e? e?
t?? ?st???? ??a ?a µetat???e? ??a ?p?????
pa?ad?s?a?? s?st?µa ?pe?µ?s?? se ??a
p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µa ?pe?µ?s??
p??pe? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ap? ta p??ta ß?µata ??a
t? s?ed?asµ? e??? s?st?µat?? ?pe?µ?s??

?st?s?, a?t? ? p??s????s? e??a? p??? ?s???? ?a?
pa???e? e?a??et???? e??a???e? p??sa?µ????
µe t? p??s????s? ßas?sµ??? st?? ?????e?, t?
s?st?µa ??????e? a???ß?? t?? t?p? ?a? t?
pe??e??µe?? ???e se??da? ?a? t?? t?p? ???e
s??d?sµ??
a?t? ? ???s? µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ap?
d??f??e? te?????? ?p?st?????? p??sa?µ?st????
p?????s??

a??µesa st?? te?????? ?p?st?????? p??sa?µ?st????
p?????s??, ? s????asµ?? e??a? ? p?? d?µ?f????
te???????a ed?
??a pa??de??µa, ISIS-Tutor, ELM-ART, InterBook,
?a? INSPIRE ???s?µ?p????? d?af??et??? e?d?
s????asµ?? s??d?sµ?? ??a ?a de????? t?? pa???sa
µa??s?a?? ?at?stas? µ?a? ?????a? (????st?,
???st?, ?a?? ???st?)
ISIS-Tutor, ELM-ART, ?a? ??a p????? ?????
s?st?µ?t?? ???s?µ?p????? t?? s????asµ? ??a ?a
de????? ?t? µ?a se??da e?????? de? e??a? ?t??µ?
??a e?µ???s? (p.?. ?? p??apa?t??µe??? t?? ?????e?
de? ????? d?da??e? a??µa)

ep?s??, s?st?µata p?? ?p?st??????? at?µ?????
e?pa?de?t????? st????? µp????? ?a ???s?µ?p?????
t?? s????asµ? ??a ?a ?p?de????? s??d?sµ??? se
se??de? e?????? p?? ep?t???????? t?? s???e???µ???
st???
t????, µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ? te???????a
ap??????? ??a ?a ????e? s??d?sµ??? p??? se??de?
e?????? p?? de? ????? a??µa d?d??e?
p??apa?t??µe?a, ?a? se??de? e?????? p?? de?
a?????? st?? pa??? e?pa?de?t??? st???

? ?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e? e??a? µ?a ap?
t?? p??a??? p??se???se?? s?ed?asµ?? ??a
p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? µe a?t?st????s?
µeµ???µ???? ?????a?
?? t?t??a, ?p?????? ???a ???st? s?st?µata, ??????
µeta?? t?? p??t?? p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µ?t??
?pe?µ?s??
? p??s????s? t?? ?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st??
?????e? ???eta? ??? ?a? pe??ss?te?? d?µ?f???? ?a?
p??te??eta? se ???e d?µ?????? p??sa?µ?st????
s?st?µ?t?? ?pe?µ?s?? p?? s?ed???e? ?a
???s?µ?p???se? t?? a?t?st????s? µeµ???µ????
?????a?

e??a? ? p?? d?µ?f???? p??s????s? s?ed?as?? ??a
t?? a?t?st????s? p???ap??? e??????
µe a?t? t? p??s????s?, a?t?st?????µe ???????? t??
?pe?µes??? se??da (??µß??) µe d??f??e? ?????e?
t?? µ??t???? ???st???? ped???, d??.
d?µ????????ta? s??desµ?? µeta?? µ?a? se??da? ?a?
???e ?????a? p?? s?et??eta? µe t? pe??e??µe?? t??
se??da?

? ap???ste?? p??s????s? a?t?st????s?? e??a? ?
ep?ped? a?t?st????s? ßas?sµ??? st? pe??e??µe??
d??. µ?a ?????a pe???aµß??eta? se ??a de??t?
se??da? a? ??p??? tµ?µa a?t?? t?? se??da?
pa???s???e? ??a ??µµ?t? ???s?? p?? ??e? s??s? µe
t?? ?????a
??a? ????? t??p?? a?t?st????s?? se??d?? (p??
?e????? ?a? p?? sp?????) e??a? ?a p??s??s??µe t?
???? ???e ?????a? st? de??t? t?? se??da?
(a?t?st????s? ßas?sµ??? st??? ??????)

? p?? d?µ?f???? ????? e??a? ? "p??apa?t??µe???"
µ?a ?????a pe???aµß??eta? se ??a de??t? se??da?
a? ??a? e?pa?de??µe??? ??e???eta? ?a ??????e?
a?t? t?? ?????a ?ste ?a ?ata??ße? t? pe??e??µe??
t?? se??da?
????? ????? µp????? ?a ???s?µ?p??????? ??a ?a
?a????s??? t? e?d?? t?? s?µß???? p?? ??e? ?
se??da st?? e?µ???s? µ?a? ?????a? (e?sa????,
????a pa???s?as?, pa??de??µa, ??p)
ßa??t?te? ep?s?? µp????? ?a ???s?µ?p??????? se
a?t? t?? p??s????s? (a?t?st????s? se??da?
p???ap??? e??????) ??a ?a de????? p?s? s?µß??e? ?
se??da st?? e?µ???s? t?? ?????a?

? a?t?st????s? se??d?? e??a? s?et??? µ?a ap??
p??s????s?
µp??e? ?a efa?µ?ste? a??µa ?a? se d?a??sµat???
µ??t??a ???st???? ped???, d??. ?ta? de? ?p??????
s??desµ?? µeta?? t?? e??????
t?? ?d?a st??µ?, ? a?t?st????s? se??d?? e??a?
??a? p??? ?s????? µ??a??sµ??, ??at? pa???e? st?
s?st?µa ???s? s?et??? µe t? pe??e??µe?? t??
se??d?? t??
a????e? t? d??µ? ??a p????? te?????? p??sa?µ????

µe t?? a?t?st????s? ßas?sµ??? st?? se??de? (st?
pe??e??µe??), t? s?st?µa ??????e? p??e? ?????e?
pa???s?????ta? se µ?a se??da
µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ap? d??f??e? te??????,
?p?? ? ap e??e?a? ?a??d???s?, s????asµ?? ?a?
ap?????? s??d?sµ??
???s?µ?p??????e sta ISIS-Tutor, ELM-ART ?a?
InterBook ??a ?a p??te??e? t?? "ep?µe?? ?a??te??"
se??da
? s????asµ?? ???s?µ?p??????e ??a ?a de??e? t??
?at?stas? t?? se??da? ap? µa??s?a??? ?p????

??a pa??de??µa ta ELM-ART ?a? ISIS tutor
???s?µ?p???sa? t?? pa??µ???s? t?? fa?a????
?????f???a? ??a s????asµ? ?ste ?a d?a????s??? ?a?
?a ep?s?µ????? t?? a??????e? s?µa?t????
pe??pt?se??
? se??da de? e??a? ?t??µ? ??a e?µ???s?
(pe???aµß??e? p??apa?t??µe?e? ?????e? p?? de?
????? a??µa d?da??e?, ??????? fa????)
? se??da p??te??eta? (d??. e??a? ?t??µ? ??a
e?µ???s?, af?? pe???aµß??e? ?????e? p?? e??a?
µ???? t?? pa???t?? µa??s?a??? st????, p??s???
fa????)

ep?s?? µp????µe ?a ???s?µ?p???s??µe
p??apa?t??µe???? s??d?sµ??? ??a ?a ?p?st??????µe
ap??? p??sa?µ?sµ??e? pa???s??se??
??a pa??de??µa, ?ta? ? LISP-Critic pa???s???e?
µ?a se??da p?? ??e? ????ste? p??apa?t??µe?e?
?????e?, e?s??e? epe????se?? ???? t?? ????st??
e?????? p??? pa???s??se? t? ?????? pe??e??µe??
t?? se??da?
a???ß?? µe t?? ?d?a ??????, ta ELM-ART ?a?
InterBook e?s????? p??e?d?p???t??? µ???µa/e????a
p??? ?e????se? ? µe??t? t?? se??da?

? tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s? de? e??a? a??µa p???
d?µ?f???? a?t?st????s?, a??? e??a? ? p?? a???ß??
? ?d?a t?? p??s????s?? e??a?
?a ????s??µe t? pe??e??µe?? t?? ?pe?µes????
se??da? se ??a s????? ap? tµ?µata, ?a?
?a a?t?st????s??µe µe???? (? a??µa ?a? ??a) ap?
a?t? ta tµ?µata µe ?????e? t?? µ??t???? ???st????
ped??? p?? s?et????ta? µe t? pe??e??µe?? a?t??
t?? tµ?µat??

d?µ?s? t?? ???s??
µ??t??? ???st???? ped???
µ??t??? e?pa?de??µe???
µ??te??p???s? e?pa?de?t???? st????
s??des? ???s?? µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ?????
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e?
a?t?st????s? se??d??
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s?
µ??t?? p??se???se??
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????
64
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s? (2/7)
d?µ?s? t?? ???s??
µ??t??? ???st???? ped???
µ??t??? e?pa?de??µe???
µ??te??p???s? e?pa?de?t???? st????
s??des? ???s?? µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ?????
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e?
a?t?st????s? se??d??
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s?
µ??t?? p??se???se??
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????
65
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s? (3/7)

?p?? ?a? µe t? p??s????s? a?t?st????s?? se??da?,
? tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s? µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e?
a??µa ?a? µe d?a??sµat??? µ??t??a ???st????
ped???
? d?af??? ed? e??a? ?t? ? a?t?st????s? (e??????
se??da?) ???eta? µe µe?a??te?? ?ept?µ??e?a
?e????, ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ? a?t?st????s? p???ap???
e??????, ?st?s? ????ta? µ????te?a tµ?µata e??a?
s???? d??at? ?a ???s?µ?p???s??µe a???ß?? µ?a
?????a ??a ?a t?? a?t?st????s??µe se ??a tµ?µa
?a? st?? d?? pe??pt?se??, ? p??s????s? tµ?µat????
a?t?st????s?? d??e? st? s?st?µa µ?a p?? ?ept?µe??
???s? s?et??? µe t? pe??e??µe?? t?? se??da? t?
s?st?µa ??????e? t? pa???s???eta? se ???e tµ?µa
p?? ????µe a?t?st????se?

a?t? ? ???s? µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e?
ap?te?esµat??? ??a p??????µ??? p??sa?µ?st???
pa???s?as?
µe ß?s? t? ep?ped? ???s?? t?? ???st? s?et??? µe
t?? ?????e? p?? pa???s?????ta? se ??a
s???e???µ??? tµ?µa, t? s?st?µa µp??e?
?a ap?????e? t? tµ?µa ap? t? ???st?
?a t? ep?s???se?
? ?a ???s?µ?p???se? ??a e?a??a?t??? t??p? ?a
pa???s??se? t? tµ?µa
? p??????µ??? p??sa?µ?st??? pa???s?as? f?s???
??e? t? t?µ?µ? t?? apa?te? µ?a a???ß?ste?? ?a?
p?? ?????ß??a d?ad??as?a a?t?st????s??

??a ?a?? pa??de??µa e??a? t? MetaDoc
t? s?st?µa a?t? ??? µ??? a?t?st???e? µe????
tµ?µata ?e?µ???? µe s?et???? ?????e?, a??? ep?s??
d?a?????e? t??a e?d? tµ?µ?t?? ?e???? ?e?µe??,
ep?p???? epe????se??, ?a? ?ept?µ??e?e? ?aµ????
ep?p?d??
t? s?st?µa ap?fas??e? a? ?a pa???s??se? t? tµ?µa
?e?µ???? st? ???st? ? ?a t? ap?????e? µe ß?s? t?
ep?ped? ???s?? t?? ???st? ??a t?? ?????e? p??
a?t?st?????? st? tµ?µa.

??a? ???st?? µe ?a?? ???s? µ?a? s???e???µ????
?????a? ?a pa???e? p??ta ???µµ??e? t?? ep?p????
epe????se?? ??a a?t? t?? ?????a (??at? µp??e? ?a
e??a? ßa?et?? ??a t? s???e???µ??? ???st?), e??
a?t??eta ?a µp??e? ?a ep??e?t???e? se
?ept?µ??e?e? ?aµ???? ep?p?d??.
ap? t?? ???? µe???, ? ???st?? µe e??e?p? ???s?
??a µ?a ?????a ?a pa???e? p??ta ep?p????
epe????se?? ??a a?t? t?? ?????a, e?? ??e? ??
?ept?µ??e?e? ?aµ???? ep?p?d?? (?? ?p??e? e??a?
p???p???e? ??a a?t? t? ???st?) ?a ap????pt??ta?
? ???st?? µe µ?s?? ep?p?d?? ???s? ?a ß??pe? ?a?
ta d?? e?d? t?? tµ?µ?t?? ?e?µ????

a?t? t? st??µ? µ??? t??a s?st?µata a??pt????
p??sa?µ?st???? ?pe?µ?s?? ?p?st??????? ??a?
d?µ?????? ?a s????te? µ?a se??da ap? tµ?µata µe
a?t?st????s?
t? AHA ?a? t? WHURLE ?p?st??????? p??sa?µ?st???
ap?????? tµ?µ?t??
t? ALE ep?s?? ?p?st????e? d?µ?s? p??sa?µ?st????
se??d?? p?? ßas??eta? sta µa??s?a?? st?? t??
e?pa?de??µe???

?? t?e?? pa?ap??? p??se???se?? e??a? ?? ßas????
??a t?? ??????s? t?? ?pe?????? sta p??sa?µ?st???
s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s??
a?t?? ?? p??se???se??, ?st?s?, de?
a?????s????????ta? µeta?? t???
a?t???t??, e??a? p?a?µat??? s?µp????µat????
µeta?? t??? ??at? ßas????ta? sta ?d?a µ??t??a
???st???? ped??? ?a? ???st?
???s?µ?p????ta? pe??ss?te?e? ap? µ?a p??se???se??
a????eta? ? d??µ?? ??a ???s? pe??ss?te???
te?????? p??sa?µ???? ??at? ???e p??s????s?
?p?st????e? t? d??? t?? s????? te??????

??a pa??de??µa, t? ISIS-Tutor
???s?µ?p??e? µ?a p??s????s? ßas?sµ??? st? ???s?
??a ?a ?t?se? ??a tµ?µa t?? ?pe?????? p??
a?apa??st? t?? ?????e? µ?a ???ssa?
p????aµµat?sµ??
??a ???? tµ?µa t?? ?pe?????? (?p?? ?? se??de?
e??a? p??ß??µata ?a? pa?ade??µata) e??a?
???a??µ??? a?t?st?????ta? se??de? µe ?????e?
? ??????s? a?t? ep?t??pe? st? ISIS-Tutor ?a
???s?µ?p??e? te?????? p??sa?µ???? ?a? ap? t?? d??
p??se???se??
t? InterBook ep?s?? ???s?µ?p??e? ??a s??d?asµ?
µ?a? p??s????s?? ßas?sµ??? st? ???s? µe µ?a
p??s????s? a?t?st????s?? se??d??

??a s?µa?t??? ß?µa ??a t? s?ed?asµ? e???
e?pa?de?t???? p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µat?? ?pe?µ?s??
e??a? ? d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????
? ?pe?????? s??µat??eta? ap? se??de? pe??e??µ????
p?? s??d???ta? µe s??d?sµ??? p?????s??
? t?p?????a s??des?? µeta?? se??d?? a?af??eta?
s?????? ?? d?µ? ?pe??????
sta s??????a e?pa?de?t??? p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata
?pe?µ?s??, ? d?µ?s? t?? ?pe?????? ap?te?e?
?e????st? ß?µa st? s?ed?asµ? p?? e??a? a?e???t?t?
ap? t? ß?µa d?µ?s?? t?? ???s??
?? e? t??t??, ????? a?apt???e? d??f??e?
p??se???se?? d?µ?s?? t?? ?pe??????

d?µ?s? t?? ???s??
µ??t??? ???st???? ped???
µ??t??? e?pa?de??µe???
µ??te??p???s? e?pa?de?t???? st????
s??des? ???s?? µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ?????
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e?
a?t?st????s? se??d??
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s?
µ??t?? p??se???se??
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????
73
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe?????? (2/11)
2 p??se???se?? d?µ?s?? t?? ?pe??????
d?µ?s? t?? ???s??
µ??t??? ???st???? ped???
µ??t??? e?pa?de??µe???
µ??te??p???s? e?pa?de?t???? st????
s??des? ???s?? µe t? e?pa?de?t??? ?????
?pe?????? ßas?sµ???? st?? ?????e?
a?t?st????s? se??d??
tµ?µat??? a?t?st????s?
µ??t?? p??se???se??
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????
74
d?µ?s? t?? ?pe?????? (3/11)

? p??t? p??s????s? e??a? ? ad?µ?t? p??s????s?,
d??. st?? p?a?µat???t?ta de? ?p???e? s?ed?ast???
ß?µa
?ta? ? ????a??? p??s????s? sta p??ta e?pa?de?t???
p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? ?a? e??a?
µ????? a??µa ? p?? d?µ?f????, ?p?????? d?? ?????
??a a?t?
a?????, ? p??s????s? t?? ?pe?????? ßas?sµ??? st??
?????e? p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? se p???? e?pa?de?t???
p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata ?pe?µ?s?? pa???e? ??a?
a??et? p???s?? ?a? ?a?? d?µ?µ??? ?pe????? p?? de?
??e???eta? apa?a?t?ta ??p??a ???? ??????s?
ap? t?? ????, a??µa ?a? sta s?st?µata p?? de?
???s?µ?p????? p??s????s? ßas?sµ??? st?? ?????e?,
? ?pe?????? d?µe?ta? µe ??p??? t??p?, af?? ???e
se??da t?? s??d?eta? µe ???e? se??de? µ?s?
??as???? s??d?sµ?? a?af???? ?pe??e?µ????.

?p?????? e?pa?de?t??? p??sa?µ?st??? s?st?µata
?pe?µ?s?? p?? de? ???s?µ?p????? ??te t?
p??s????s? ßas?sµ??? st?? ?????e? ??te ??p??a
s???e???µ??? d?µ? ?pe??????.
a??µ? ?p?????? µe???? p?a?s?a s?ed?as?? p?? de?
ep?ß?????? e?d???? apa?t?se?? d?µ?s?? st??
?pe?????, ?? ?ts? µp????? ?a e??ast??? µe ??a
t??a?a d?µ?µ??? ?pe??e?µe??.
e? t??t???, a? de? ???s?µ?p??????e ?aµ?? e?d???
st?at????? ?at? t? s?ed?asµ? t?? ?pe??????, a?t??
µp??e? ?a ?ata???e? ?a ??e? µ?a ?a?t??? d?µ? p??
p???a?e? p??ß??µata p?????s?? ?a? p??sa?at???sµ??
st??? ???ste? t?? ?pe??????.

?p?te de? p???a?e? ??p???? ?t? ? µe????
p?e????t?ta t?? p??sa?µ?st???? s?st?µ?t??
?pe?µ?s?? e?te ???s?µ?p??e? µ?a p??s????s?
ßas?sµ??? st?? ?????e? ? apa?te? ap? t??
d?µ?????? ?a a???????se? µ?a saf? p??s????s? ??a
t? d?µ?s? t?? ?pe??????

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