PPGA Form Factor

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PPGA Form Factor
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CPU Slots and Sockets

• The physical connection used to connect the CPU
  to the system board
• Slots 1 and 2 are proprietary Intel slots
• Slot A is a proprietary AMD slot
• Current CPU sockets are called zero insertion
  force (ZIF) sockets and have a small lever on the
  side of the socket that lifts the CPU up and out
  of the socket

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CPU Slots and Sockets
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CPU Slots and Sockets

• Slot 1, Slot A, and Slot 2 are designed to
  accommodate processors using the SEP or SECC
  housings
• Celeron processor uses the PPGA form factor and
  Socket 370 (Figure 3-11)
• Pentium III processor uses two types of form
  factors SECC 2 and FC-PGA

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CPU Slots and Sockets
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CPU Voltage Regulator

• Controls amount of voltage on system board
• Dual voltage CPU
• Requires two different voltages, one for internal
  processing and the other for external processing
• Single voltage CPUs
• Requires one voltage for both internal and
  external operations
• Some CPUs require that you set the jumpers to
  control the voltage others automatically control
  the voltage

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The Chip Set

• Set of chips on the system board that
  collectively controls the memory cache, external
  buses, and some peripherals

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Intel Chip Sets

• Intel 440BX chip set
• First PC chip set to offer a memory bus that runs
  at 100 MHz
• First chip set to use the mobile version of the
  Pentium II processor for notebooks
• 400 series
• Uses the PCI bus as the interconnection between
  slower buses and the system bus
• i800 series
• Introduced a new way for I/O buses to relate to
  the faster system bus and ultimately to the CPU

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Intel i800 Series

• Interconnection between buses uses a hub
  interface architecture (Accelerated Hub
  Architecture), whereby all I/O buses connect to a
  hub (Hub Interface), which connects to the system
  bus
• North Bridge
• Portion of the chip set hub that connects faster
  I/O buses to the system bus
• South Bridge
• Portion of the chip set hub that connects slower
  I/O buses to the system bus

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Accelerated Hub Architecture of the Intel i800
Series
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Chip Set Manufacturers

• Intel Corporation
• Cyrix Corporation
• Silicon Integrated Systems Corp. (SiS)
• Ali, Inc.
• Standard Microsystems Corp.

• United Microelectronics Corp.
• VIA Technology, Inc. combined with AMD, Inc.
• VLSI Technology

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Chip Sets that Compete with Intel

• SiS620 (SiS)
• Includes a digital video interface for digital
  flat panel display screens
• Supports a 100 MHz system bus and an advanced
  hard drive interface (Ultra DMA)
• Aladdin V (Ali)
• Supports Socket 7 processors and the 100-MHz
  system bus speed
• Apollo MVP3 (VIA and AMD)
• Supports AGP, a 100-bus speed, and Socket 7

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Advantages of Intel Chip Sets

• More compatible with Pentium family of CPUs
• Huge investment in research and development has
  led to invention of
• PCI bus
• Universal serial bus
• Advanced graphics port (AGP)
• Accelerated Hub Architecture

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ROM BIOS

• There is one ROM chip on the system board that
  contains BIOS, which manages the startup process
  (startup BIOS) and many basic functions of the
  system (system BIOS)
• Identifying name of BIOS manufacturer
• Appears at beginning of boot process
• On top of the chip (larger than most chips)

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ROM BIOS

• Does the BIOS support Plug and Play?
• Does the BIOS support large hard drives?
• Is the BIOS chip a Flash ROM chip?

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Assigning Memory Addresses to ROM BIOS
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Plug and Play BIOS

• Plug and Play
• A technology in which the operating system and
  BIOS are designed to automatically configure new
  hardware devices to eliminate system resource
  conflicts (such as IRQ and port conflicts)
• Common in ROM BIOS made after 1994
• ESCD (extended system configuration data)

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BIOS Communicating Well with Hardware and Software
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When BIOS Is Incompatible with Hardware or
Software

• In the past, most users upgraded BIOS because new
  hardware was incompatible with it
• Sometimes need to upgrade BIOS to accommodate new
  software (such as Plug and Play)

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Flash ROM

• EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable
  read-only memory)
• Allows you to upgrade system BIOS without having
  to replace the ROM chip

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General Method for Upgrading Flash ROM

• Set a jumper on the system board telling the BIOS
  to expect an upgrade
• Copy upgrade BIOS software to a bootable disk
• Boot from the disk and follow menu options to
  upgrade the BIOS
• Set the jumper back to its original setting,
  reboot the system, and verify that all is working

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Sample Web Site for Flash ROM BIOS Upgrades
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RAM (Random Access Memory)
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Types of RAM

• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Most commonly used type of system memory
• Requires refreshing every few milliseconds
• Holds data for a very short time
• Less expensive than static RAM
• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Holds data until power is turned off without need
  for refreshing
• More expensive than traditional DRAM

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Types of Dynamic Memory

• Parity
• Error-checking scheme in which a ninth (or
  parity) bit is added
• Value of parity bit is set to either 0 or 1
• Non parity
• ECC (error checking and correction)
• Detects and corrects errors

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Most Popular Types of RAM Modules
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Managing Dynamic Memory

• Most system boards today use 168-pin DIMMs (dual
  inline memory modules)
• Memory can be managed using technologies that
  involve
• How much memory is accessed
• How timing the access is managed
• How the system board and the CPU relate to the
  memory modules

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Prevalent Memory Technologies
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Kinds of Static Cache Memory

• L1
• Contained on the CPU microchip
• L2
• External to the chip
• Housed either on the system board or inside the
  CPU case

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Buses and Expansion Slots

• Earliest PC
• Had only a single and simple bus (8-bit ISA bus)
• Todays PCs
• Have four or five buses, each with different
  speeds, access methods, and protocols

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Bus Evolution

• Data path and speed
• Local buses (system buses)
• Work in sync with the CPU and the system clock
• Example memory bus
• Expansion buses
• Work asynchronously with the CPU at a much slower
  rate
• Example ISA bus

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System-board Buses in Common Use
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System-board Buses in Common Use
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Why So Many Buses?

• Speeds of different hardware components evolve at
  different rates
• Single speed for all components is no longer
  practical

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What a Bus Does

• Draws electrical power
• Carries control signals that coordinate all
  activity
• Passes memory addresses from one component to
  another
• Passes data

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