Participation Stakeholder analysis Stakeholder Involvement

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ParticipationStakeholder analysis Stakeholder
Involvement
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What is the use of participation?
Participation The new paradigm

• Effectiveness
• Sustainability
• Empowerment
• .............

Disadvantages of participation

• Additional resources are needed
• Conflicts may arise
• Competency is required
• .............

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Purposes
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Example Latrines in a small village in Bolivia
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From the example......
Example Stakeholders should have been
involved for an adequate use of the sanitary
facilities
Examples.........
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5
What is .......... ?
Stakeholder are all people whose interests are
affected by a system as well as those whose
activities significantly affect the system
Stakeholder analysis means to identify and
characterize the stakeholders
Stakeholder involvement (participation)
means to affect stakeholders, in any way, by a
project or plan
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What is .......... ?
Steps of the stakeholder involvement process
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Clarifying the purposes
Getting approval/pushing through Means are
employed to persuade stakeholders to agree to a
project. Information Stakeholders are provided
with information about the project in various
ways. Consultation Stakeholders are asked to
give their views and responses, their feedback.
Consensus-building Stakeholders affected have
different interests, consensus must be reached on
the project. Group decision-making
Decision-making is shared stakeholders are
directly involved in decision-making. Joint
implementation Stakeholders are directly
involved in realizing the project.
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Identifying stakeholders

• Identification
• Information by staff of key agencies
• Information from written records and population
  data
• Stakeholder self-selection by announcements at
  meetings, in newspapers or
  other media
• Verification by other stakeholder
• Random method

Key questions Who are the potential
beneficiaries? Who will be adversely affected?
Who has existing rights? Who is likely to be
voiceless? Who is likely to mobilize
resistance? Who is responsible for the intended
plans? Who has the money, skills, or key
information? Whose behavior has to change for
success to be reached?
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Identifying stakeholders

• Involving stakeholders in SA
• allow stakeholders to assist
• ensure that stakeholders trust the team
• enable dialogue
• ensure parties are sufficiently prepared and
  briefed
• involve stakeholders in defining the terms of
  engagement
• allow stakeholders to voice their views
• create incentives for participation
• create feeling of belonging through shared
  vision / objectives
• help to give a voice to marginalized and
  minority persons and groups

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Understanding stakeholders characteristics
Investigation of interests Methods
brainstorming with the stakeholder group
semi-structured interviews mining existing data
from reports, newspapers, etc.

• Willingness of the stakeholders
• calculation of the costs and benefits
• capabilities and abilities
• opinion of stakeholder involvement
• social pressure to participate

• Procedure
• Initial qualitative Interviews
• Quantitative standardized survey

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Identifying patterns of interactions between
stakeholders
Identification of interactions Patterns and
contexts of interaction conflict and
cooperation, authority relationships, ethnic,
religious or cultural divisions, historical
contexts, and legal institutions. The "Four Rs"
Rights, Responsibilities, Rewards, and
Relationships with other groups.
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Identifying patterns of interactions between
stakeholders
Assessment of power and potential
influence Power meaning the extent to which
stakeholder are capable of persuading or forcing
others to take particular decisions or act in a
certain way. Potential influence over the final
outcome emerges from special characteristics of
context and location.

• Key questions
• Who is dependent on whom?
• What stakeholders are organized?
• Who has control over resources?
• What problems affect what stakeholders ?

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Summarizing and verification of stakeholder
analysis
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Summarizing and verification of stakeholder
analysis
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Summarizing and verification of stakeholder
analysis
Verification by mirroring Presenting the
stakeholders the results of the analysis and
correcting it until consensus is reached
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Introduction
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17
Selecting the stakeholder involvement technique
Influence/Gain approval
Develop visions
Deal with conflicts
Identify needs
empty not suitable
suitable very suitable
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Selecting the stakeholder involvement technique
Influential stakeholders who are against the
project ? influence/ gain approval for the
project No interest in the project? identify
their needs No thoughts about future
development? develop visions of the future
Strong conflicts among SH interests? dealing
with conflict
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Selecting the stakeholder involvement technique
Does the type of stakeholder involvement fit into
the existing social systems? Political
framework parties, election process Legal
framework laws, justice Institutional
framework order of the institutions Social
framework social norms and customs If in
grave contradiction to one of these frameworks ?
different SI technique must be chosen
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Initiating and implementing the stakeholder
involvement process
Hidden Agendas
Previous Histories
Respected Persons
Group Processes
Silent Members
Leaders
Dominant Members
Minorities
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Initiating and implementing the stakeholder
involvement process
Competency of participants
Resources
Shared interests
Credibility
Stakeholder Involvement Processes
Transparency
Legitimization
Collaborative setting of rules
Motivation of participants
Secure expectations
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Continuous and formative evaluation
Stakeholder Involvement Processes
Degree of involvement
Design
Formative Evaluation
Organization
Realization of Goals
Outcome
Addressing of Differences
Roles of the Stakeholders
Overall Satisfaction
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Evaluating completed projects according to
sustainability criteria

• A. Social sustainability
• the largest possible percentage of the
  population has profited
• as many different groups within the population
  have profited
• the needs of several generations have been taken
  into account
• the highest possible number of jobs has been
  created
• no aggression arose
• broad improvement of the populations
  competencies
• institutional, political, and organizational
  structures were reinforced or established

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Evaluating completed projects according to
sustainability criteria

• B. Economic sustainability
• independent of external resources,
  self-supporting, funding secured
• implementation as rapid as possible
• benefit felt as early as possible
• C. Ecological sustainability
• no damage to nature and environment,
  environmentally friendly
• increase/no reduction of biodiversity
• the health and well being of the population was
  not impaired, but improved
• D. Technical sustainability
• the installation functions with no technical
  problems
• the installation functions for as long as
  possible
• the installation can be repaired and maintained
  with onsite spare parts and know-how

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25
What is .......... ?
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