Archaic

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Archaic Classical and Hellenistic Greece
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Archaic Greece 2000 BCE - 700 BCE
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Eras in Development of Greek Civilization

• Minoan Civilization-
• 2000-1400BC flourished on Island of Crete.Great
  trading power..
• Myceneans (Achaeans)- 2000 BC I
• invaded Greece from the north. They built on the
  achievements of the Minoans.
• Around 1250 BC they banded together under the
  leadership of the king of Mycenae to attack troy,
  a rival power. Troy controlled trading routes
  between the Aegean and Black seas. This war is
  told in Homers Iliad and the Odyssey. Composed
  about 750 BC According to Iliad Paris, a Trojan
  prince kidapped Helen wife of the King of Sparta.
  The Spartan King and his brother Agamemnon, of
  Mycenae involved all of Greece in the effort to
  rescue Helen. After ten years of war Troy
  destroyed and drove the Trojans into exile.
  Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in
  northwestern Asia Minor which is accepted as the
  ancient city of Troy. Found nine cities had been
  built at different times on the same spot.
  charred wood and destruction convinced him that
  this was the layer of Troy.
• Dorians came down from the north.
• Settled further to the south on the Pelopennisus
  Peninsula. Conquered many of the regions
  occupied by the Myceneans. The art of writing
  was lost during this time. This period is called
  the Dark Age
• Age of the City States
• Small city states or monarchies formed instead of
  a great empire. Golden Age of Greece
• Delian League - Persian and Peloponesian Wars
  create a new era of differing alliances in the
  Aegean Sea. Trade provided wealth and some
  stability. Also known as Classical Greece.
• Hellenistic Greece
• Persian occupation after the conquest of Greece
  by the Macedonian, Alexander the Great. Greek
  civilization spread throughout the world but
  mixed with other civilizations and changed.
• Roman - Greco Civilization
• Roman occupation after the conquest of Greece by
  the Romans.

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Minoan CivilizationPalace at Knossos on Island
of Crete
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Minoan Civilization
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Fresco bull leaping
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Minoan Civilization
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The Mask of Agamemnon Mycenean
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The Mycenaean Civilization
Mycenaean Citadel reconstructed
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Homer The Heroic or Homeric Age Dark Age
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Bronze Age Greece
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Geographic Influences

• Many islands in the Aegean Sea were close
  together.
• This made trade and cultural exchange easier.
• Short mountain ranges divided the area around the
  Agean Sea.
• They prevented the development of a sense of
  Greek unity.
• The Greeks could not produce enough food for
  their own needs.
• They had to become traders.
• The long coastline brought every part of the
  mainland close to the sea.
• Greeks became fishermen, sailors and traders.

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"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece 700 BC - 324 BC
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Greek City States

• Hellos

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Greece changes Geographically
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Characteristics of all Greek city states

• Small Size
• Small population
• estimated total population of four hundred
  thousand people in Athens, of which 160,000
  people lived inside the city while the remainder
  around the city
• An original polis (acropolis or high up place)
• A public meeting place called an agora
• This is how we identified whether or not it was a
  Greek city state.

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Factors that brought them together and Factors
that kept them apart

• Rugged Mountains separating the valleys
• Rivalries between city-states
• separate legal systems
• independent calendars, money, weights and
  measures
• Fierce spirit of independence

• Common Language, Religion, and festivals
• Co-operative supervision of certain temples
• Belief that the Greeks were descended from the
  same ancestors

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Geographic and historical influences in the
development of Greek city states

• Sparta was located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula,
  an area that was good for growing grain but did
  not provide the protection of an acropolis.
• The ruling class of citizens of Sparta was small
  in numbers compared with the slaves, or helots.
• Due in part to a constant fear of outside
  invaders and of inside slave revolts, the Spartan
  aristocracy empathized military strength and
  uniformity.
• The government controlled all phases of life for
  both citizens and slaves. (Totalitarian)
• By doing so, art, literature, philosophy, and
  science were present only as they supported the
  military and only in a practical nature.
  Military might, as shown by strength, courage,
  endurance, and cleverness, along with devotion to
  Sparta were the most important values.
• Individual freedoms were sacrificed.

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Greek Philosophy

• Popular government - is the idea that people
  could and should rule themselves rather than be
  ruled by others.
• This is the foundation of Greek Democracy but is
  not really a type of government.
• It is more of a philosophy
• Although Greek Gods involved in many aspects of
  life, Greeks were of a more secular nature as
  Greek gods were humanlike or anthropomorphic.

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"Hellenic" (Classical - Golden Age of
Greece) Greece 700 BC - 324 BC continued
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Greek Systems of Government

• Monarchy- is a government by a royal family-in
  ancient Greece a King. established a dynasty.
• Autocracy- (rule by one person who has total
  control over all others)
• Aristocracy- (government ruled by the wealthy or
  upper class) was comprised of the nobility, or
  landowning class that ruled the city-state.
• Oligarchy - absolute rule by a few
• Tyranny - (Tyrant) seized power, gaining popular
  support by promising to defend the poor from the
  aristocracy.
• Democracy- the council of citizens helped form
  laws and limited the power of rulers.
• Theocracy- government in which the clergy rules
  or in which a god is the civil ruler.

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Athenian Reformers evolution of political
structures to democracy

• Draco
• Solon
• Pisistratus
• Cleisthenes

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Evolution of the system to a democracy

• Solon
• Canceled debts of the poor
• Set up a court of appeals for citizens
• Stopped debt slavery
• Draco
• Wrote harsh code of laws
• CLEISTHENES
• Determined that all male citizens over age 20
  could be in the Assembly
• Set up the Council of 500
• PISISTRATUS
• Created a following among lower classes
• Exiled nobles who disagreed with his policies

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Athenian Government

• In early times ruled by kings
• Later, the aristocracy, selected representatives
  called archons
• Merchants later replaced some of the nobility
• Finally, the four reformers (tyrants) and we have
  Periclean democracy

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Institutions of Greek Government

• ordinary citizens made up almost all the
  governing bodies of 5th century Athens
• Ekklesia
• Assembly
• passed laws and made policy decisions
• met on the Hill of the Pnyx
• all citizens were eligible to attend such
  meetings and speak up
• Boule
• Council of the 500
• charged with administering decisions made by the
  Ekklesia
• met in the Bouleterion in the Agora
• Prytaneis (by Pericles)
• Presidential Council
• subcommittee of the boule
• lived at state expense in the tholos, or "Round
  Building" in the Agora.

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Spartan social stratification

• Privileged rules class spartiates
• About 10 of population
• Descendants of Dorian invaders
• Small landholders, tradesmen, artisans perioeci
• Native prior to Dorian invasion
• Enjoyed rights of citizenship only in their own
  home communities
• Between 10 15 of population
• Attached to the soil and provide auxiliary
  military service helots
• Could become citizens and enter the perioeci
  class for military bravery
• Slaves

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Spartan Government

• First the Council of Old which had to have
  approval of the popular assembly of spartiates
  over 30 years of age
• Later, 5 ephors ruled

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Athenian social classes

• Nobility
• Merchants, Artisans
• Peasant
• Slaves
• Forced labor
• common Athenian practice to free their slaves
• Metics foreigners allowed to live in Athens but
  could not become citizens

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Citizen Rights (Athenian)

• access to courts
• no enslavement (but the very creation of citizen
  class makes the distinction that other people are
  slaves - that's what makes citizenship a
  privilege)
• religious and cultural participation
• death penalty was rare
• becoming a citizen was nearly impossible
• citizen duties - taxes, military service

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"Hellenic" (Classical - Golden Age of
Greece) Greece 700 BC - 324 BC continued
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Characteristics of Greek Art(mostly Athenian)

• Expressed ideals of harmony, balance, order and
  moderation.
• Glorified humans
• Combined beauty and usefulness
• Symbolized pride of people in their city-states

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Red Figure Style
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The Classical Greek Ideal
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Golden Mean

• Nothing in excess, everything in moderation

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Architecture

• Doric
• Corinthian
• Ionic

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Architecture

• Doric
• Corinthian
• Ionic

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Architecture

• Doric
• Corinthian
• Ionic

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Causes of Persian War

• Persians blocked the entrance to the Hellespont
  keeping
• Athens from trading in the Black Sea.
• The Persians competed with the Greeks for trade
  in the Aegean.
• The Persians controlled former Greek city-states
  in Asia Minor.
• This was a clash between East and West.
• Greeks had a variety of governments in which the
  citizens generally could participate.
• In Persia, the ruler was absolute.
• The Greeks were traders, fishers and farmers
  while the Persians were mostly farmers.

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Events

• City-states in Asia Minor revolt
• Greeks defeat Persians at Marathon (Phaedippas)
• Spartans fight delaying action at Thermopylae
  (300 Spartans
• Persian soldiers occupy Athens
• Persian fleet is defeated at Salamis Remaining
  Persian army is defeated at Plataea
• Emperor Xerex returns to Persia

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Significance

• Greek city states unite into the Delian League
  providing stability in the region ushering in the
  Golden Age of Greece (Athens).
• Athens dictated what tribute was to be part of
  the league and some city-states sent ships and
  men instead of money. Originally established on
  the basis of equality of its members, the
  preponderant power of Athens soon made the league
  subservient to Athenian interests. When the
  occasion demanded, Athens used force to keep the
  allies in line. In 454 the treasury was
  transferred to Athens the league by that time
  clearly had been transformed into the Athenian
  empire.This period allowed the ideas of democracy
  to flourish and refine thus preserving the idea
  for Western Civilization.

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Black Figure Style
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Practical but beautiful
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Hellenic to Hellenistic Era

• Greece has an archaic era
• Minoans
• Myceneans
• Dorians
• Age of the City-states
• Greek Persian Wars bring them together under
  Athenian rule to defeat the Persians
• Golden Age of Greece
• Hellenistic Era
• Greek values and way of life spread by Alexander
  the Great

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Formation of Greek hoplites
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Greeks become teachers of me

• Great Philosophers (SPA)
• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Greece absorbed into the Roman Empire and the
  Greeks teach the Romans
• Later the de Medicis of Florence rediscover the
  teachings and treasures of the Greeks and use
  them to form modern Europe

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ATHENS
Golden Age
Today
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Persian Wars499 BCE 480 BCE
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Persian Wars

• Marathon (490 BCE)- 26 miles from Athens
• Thermopylae (480 BCE)- 300 Spartans at the
  mountain pass
• Salamis (480 BCE)- Athenian navy victorious

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Golden Age of Pericles460 BCE 429 BCE
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Great Athenian Philosophers

• Socrates
• Know thyself!
• An unexamined mind is not worth living question
  everythingonly the pursuit of goodness brings
  happiness
• PlatoThe Academythe world of the FORMSThe
  Republic ? philosopher-king
• Aristotle the Lyceum Logic Scientific method.

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Socrates (470BCE-399 BCE)

• He wrote nothing, but was a skilled debater.
• He opposed the moral relativism and skepticism of
  many of the sophists.
• He used the method of rational debate to seek
  essential definitions of truth, beauty, justice,
  goodness, and virtue.
• The oracle at Delphi pronounced him the wisest of
  all.
• He was executed by his fellow Athenians for
  impiety and for corrupting the young.

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Plato

• The Allegory of the Cave
• The Republic
• There is a higher world of
• eternal, unchanging Forms that has always
  existed.
• These Forms make up reality and only a trained
  mind can understand them.
• What we see is but a reflection of that reality,
  a shadow of the true Form.
• Government works best when divided into three
  groups.
• At the top are philosopher-kings who must rule
  with wisdom and inspiration.
• Warriors encompass the second group, and the
  third includes everyone else.
• Finally, men and women should have equal access
  to positions.

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Athens The Arts Sciences

• DRAMA (tragedians)
• Aeschylus
• Sophocles
• Euripides
• THE SCIENCES
• Pythagoras
• Democritus ? all matter made up of small
  atoms.Hippocrates ? Father of Medicine

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Acropolis
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The Acropolis Today
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The Parthenon
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The Agora
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SPARTA
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Delian and Archeon Leagues

• 499 BCE beginning of Persian wars which lasted
  throughout the 5th century resulting in a
  unification of the Greek city states under first
  Athenian hegemony
• The predominant influence, as of a state, region,
  or group, over another or others.
• then under Sparta influence finally ending with
  the defeat of both and Thebes controlling before
  the ascension of Macedonia throughout the Agean
  Sea

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Peloponnesian Wars
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"Hellenistic" Greece 324 BC - 100 BC
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Macedonia Under Philip II
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Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Greats Empire
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Alexander the Great in Persia
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The Hellenization of Asia
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Pergamum A Hellenistic City
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Economy of the Hellenistic World
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Alexander

• United an area of over 22 million square miles.
• He planned to merge the Macedonian and the
  Persians into one ruling group in order to run
  his empire more efficiently.
• Used Greeks, Macedonian, and Persians in his
  administration in an attempt to unite East and
  West.
• Trained and used Persians in his army.
• Adopted some Persian dress and customs, married
  Bactrian and Persian princesses, and required
  thousands of his Macedonian and Greeks to wed
  Persian women.
• Proclaimed himself god-king in Egypt and in
  Greece to unify his empire.

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Legacy

• Established many new colonies and cities, 70 of
  them named Alexandria in his honor.
• Brought scientists on expeditions who gathered
  data about biology and geography.
• Made Greek the prevailing language of the Near
  East for government, learning and commerce
• Setup a common system of currency for entire
  realm.
• Spread Greek culture from the polis to the whole
  known world.
• Had Near Eastern families sending children to
  Athens to be educated.
• Set the stage for the eventual rise of Rome by
  unifying areas to the east.
• Allowed Greek culture to continue for 1000 years.
  
• Greece was already changing
• Greece was undergoing population pressures with
  rising standard of living.
• Greek culture had already been expanding.
• Many Greeks had already gone over into the
  Persian empire to serve as soldiers, traders and
  doctors.

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Phalanx
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Hellenistic Philosophers Stoics, Epicureans,
Cynics

• Stoics
• Zeno
• nature is the expansion of divine will.
• concept of natural law.
• get involved in politics, not for personal gain,
  but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.
• true happiness is found in great achievements.

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Hellenistic Philosophers Stoics, Epicureans,
Cynics

• Cynics
• Diogenes
• ignore social conventions avoid luxuries.
• citizens of the world live a humble, simple life.
• Epicurians
• Epicurus
• avoid pain seek pleasure all excess leads to
  pain
• politics should be avoided.

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Hellenism Arts Sciences

• Scientists / Mathematicians
• Aristarchus
• heliocentric theory
• Euclid
• geometry
• Archimedes
• pulley
• Hellenistic Art- more realistic less ideal
  than Hellenic art.- showed individual emotions,
  wrinkles and age

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Division of Alexanders Empire
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Greeks came together at the Olympics
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Roman - Greco World

• Greeks become teachers of Roman children
• Greek Gods are foundations of Gods and religion
  of Rome
• Virgils The Aneid based on Homers Illiad
  Odyssey

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Evolution

• Canceled debts of the poor.
• SOLON
• Determined that all male citizens over age 20
  could be in the Assembly
• CLEISTHENES
• Wrote harsh code of laws
• DRACO
• Created a following among lower classes
• PISISTRATUS
• Stopped debt slavery
• SOLON