Ancient Greece

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Ancient Greece

• HUM 2020

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Greek Gods

• Greek Gods Activity

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Why are Gods important?

• By Studying Greek Gods, Religion and Art we
  understand everyday Greek life.

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Greek Religion

• Belief in MANY Gods
• Desire to Please Gods
• God worship leads to kindness/mercy

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Temples

• Temples built as tributes of beauty and sacrifice

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Temples

• Biggest, Largest, most expensive buildings
• Dedicated to patron gods
• Exuded importance placed on
  religion
• Pronounced religious devotion

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Acropolis

• Athenians created a complex of temples at center
  of city upon the ACROPOLIS
•  
• Acropolis hill, sacred site
• First on Athenian Acropolis was
  the PARTHENON

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Parthenon

• The building has stood atop the Acropolis of
  Athens for nearly 2,500 years
• Dedicated to Athena
• To give thanks to Athena

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Parthenon

• Took 15 yrs to build
• Used as a treasury
• Supervised by skilled artists
• Built by craftsmen from all over Greece

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Architecture

• Structure referred to as POST-and- LINTEL
•  
• A series of columns, or posts
• And beams, or lintels, laying across the posts

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Architecture

• Walls and roof were added to the post and lentil
  skeleton
•  The crepidoma was the stone base of the temple,
  with three levels or steps
• The stylobate was the top level that formed the
  floor of the temple

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Types of Temples

• Types distinguished by the decoration on the
  columns and beams, called ENTABLATURE
• Columns and Entablature decorated according to
  ORDERS

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Orders

•  DORIC
• 1.   Symbol of strength and simplicity
• IONIC
• 1.   Shows heir of refinement and sophistication
•  CORINTHIAN
• 1.   Displayed material wealth and grandeur

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Parthenon

• PARTHENON DORIC ORDER
• Parthenons Doric Columns have deep grooves,
  called FLUTES

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Architecture

• The beams above columns is called the FRIEZE
•  All orders use the FRIEZE as an art surfaces
• Carved reliefs
•   Depict stories about god/goddess
  life
• Pictorial scenes called METOPES

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Parthenon

•   PARTHENON was unique it had an inner frieze
  along the cella wall as well
• The second Frieze told a story of Athenian virtue
  and civic duty

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Parthenon

• Above the DORIC FRIEZE is the PEDIMENT triangle
  space

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Architecture

• The center of a temple was called the CELLA
•     - CELLA housed the temples statues
• In PARTHENON, the cella held the
  sculpture of ATHENA

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Other Acropolis Buildings

• After completing Parthenon, Athenians began new
  temple projects
• Created temples to house holy sites, as well as
  honor gods

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Sculpture

• SCULPTURE important to Athenians depicting Gods
  representing idealism in Greek Life
• Sculptures depicted IDEAL figures
•                  God-like or athletic
• Project confidence, nobility and power

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Early Greek Art

• Few paintings remain
• Painted pottery is left
• Depicts scenes from every day life
• stories about Gods and goddesses
• Page 46, image 3.5
• Death of Hero, Sarpadon

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Greek Art

• Unlike Egyptian Art, Greeks use NATUALISM
• -Show images as they appear naturally
• - Dont draw size according to Social Status

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Kouros

•                                                   
                 
• Kouros free standing sculpture, male nudes
• Marks graves and building entrances

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Kore

• kore KOH-ray
• Female statues
• Softer lines
• Clothed

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Classical Greece

• Religion centered on 12 gods on Mount Olympus,
  led by Zeus. 
• Gods were seen as anthropomorphic and possessed
  of well-defined personalities.

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Classical Greece - Temples

• Each polis had its own patron deity
• Temple dominated the towns
• Temples- Place to show gratitude, worship,

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Classical Period

• 490 BC
• Greek Art Peaks
• Athens victorious over Persians
• View Victory as sign of greatness
• Must make Athens appear GREAT/DIVINE

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Classical Period

• During this period, the ancient Greeks developed
  ideas for philosophy, religion, government,
  science, and art

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Achievements of Classical Greece

• Hippocrates
• (479-399)
• Announced that diseases were caused by natural
  causes
• Previous theories from curses to evil
  spirits).
• Treated patients by observing / analyzing
  symptoms. 
• Father of Modern Medicine ("Hippocratic Oath")

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Achievements, cont

• Playwrights
• Homer

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Achievements

• Herodotus, Father of History
• Documented history..an account of the Persian
  War.
• Factual, but mixed in mythological elements he
  included descriptions of "flying snakes" 

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Achievements

• Philosophy love of wisdom
• Greek term for practical wisdom and application
  of good judgment
• Socrates Plato
  Aristotle

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Socrates

• knowledge is virtue, and evil was the result of
  ignorance.
• Left no writingsdepend on later philosophers
• Athenian
• Soldier in early life

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Socrates

• Refused to accept payment teaching, but despite
  (hated material success)
• Taught students to examine question Virtue
• Questions Athenian ideals of good, evil, god and
  beauty. VERY controversial!

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Socrates

• Athenian jury convicted him
• corrupting the youth and interfering with the
  religion of the city
• Sentenced him to death in 399 B.C.E.
• Accepting death Socrates drank hemlock and died
  in the company of his friends and disciples.

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Death of Socrates

• Jacques Louis David, 1787

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Athens

• Center of Classical Greece
• Athens symbol of democracy citizenship

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Athenian Democracy

• The center of the city was the POLIS
• 1.   POLIS citizens themselves
• 2.   As well as civic values
•  
• B.  POLIS citizenship
• 1.   Limited to adult males of the city
• 2.   Excluded women and slaves

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Athenian Govt

• Athens population was 250,000
• -Citizenship only given to 1,000 men
• - Citizens met 40 times/ yr
•  
•   Citizens participated in DEMOCRACY
• 1.   (demos) the common people (kratein) to
  rule literally "the common people rule"
• 2.   People only male citizens

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Athenian Women

• Not citizens
• Excluded from Public Affairs 
•  
•   Duties
• a.    Maintain household
• b.   Supervise slaves
• Often lived separate from men

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Athenian Women

• Father Arranges marriages
• Married by 14
• No property rights
• Stayed indoors (except to go to temple)
• Woman's Apartment

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Athenian Men

• Athenian men spent time with mistresses call
  HETAERA he- TAIR- a
• a.    These women provided entertainment
• b.   Depicted on painted pottery
• C. Only women permitted to attend theatre

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Athenian Relationships

• Hetaera accompanied men in publicwhere wives
  werent allowed
• Homosexuality was widely accepted
• some believe it superior to heterosexual love
  since it was a "love between equals."

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Athenians Spartans

• Athenians fought intermittently with Spartans

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Athens Sparta

• Map

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Sparta

• While Athens was center of culture, Sparta
  focused on MILITARY
• Age 7, boys sent to military school
• Age 20, become soldiers
• Serve as soldier until age 60!

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Sparta

• Military State
• Military City-State center of Spartan life.

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Spartan Govt

• Participatory Democracy
• Citizens voted
• 2 kings and a Council
• Only male citizens could participate

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Sparta

• Economy was agricultural,
• little trade with others
• arts were discouraged
• The tended to be withdrawn and suspicious of the
  rest of the world.

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Spartan Infants

• Govt determine if babies were too weak.
• Weak infants left in hills to die of exposure
• Sickly children left in hills
• Govt Activity!

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Growing up in Sparta

• Spartan male children were given little clothing
• Often went barefoot
• Lived almost malnourished
• . All to strengthen their characters and make
  them insensible to pain and discomfort. 

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Spartan Society

• 3 Main classes
• Spartiate- ancestors were original inhabitants of
  Sparta
• Perioeci- Dwellers around about
• Helots- Agricultural Slaves

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Spartan Women

• Female babies/ children may be left in hills
• Didnt go through military training
• Govt required female academic physical
  education
• Teach girls to dedicate their lives to Sparta

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Spartan Women

• Most Greek women required to stay indoors
• Spartan women could move about freely
• Husbands lived with armyso often independent
• Strong women breed strong children

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Athens Sparta

• Compare every day life of Ancient Athenians and
  Spartans.
• Govt
• Women
• Families
• Why were philosophers such as Socrates viewed
  with such skepticism?

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