Newfoundland and Labrador Association of Fire Chiefs and Firefighters

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Newfoundland and Labrador Association of Fire
Chiefs and Firefighters
Founded 1964
Incorporated 1979
Serving Our Province for the Betterment of Fire
protection
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NLAFCFF Basic Firefighting Course

• Fire Stream
• Lesson Five

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OverviewIn this lesson, you will look at

• The extinguishing properties of water.
• Water pressure loss and gain.
• Water hammer.
• Water fire streams patterns and nozzles.

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ObjectivesBy end of this lesson, you should be
able to

• 5.1 Identify the extinguishing properties of
  water
• 5.2 Identify the effects of factors affecting
  pressure loss and gain
• 5.3 Identify the characteristics of the items
  that are needed to produce an effective fire
  stream
• 5.4 Demonstrate the ability to extinguish a fire
  using an effective fire stream.

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5.1 Extinguishing properties of water.

• Water extinguishes fire by cooling and
  smothering.
• Absorbs large quantities of heat and dilutes
  oxygen.
• Heated water converts into water vapor.
• Water expands to approximately 1700 times its
  volume when heated to boiling (water expands when
  it freezes)
• Adequate ventilation required before using a fog
  stream to prevent steam or fire roling back over
  firefighters.

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5.2 Identify the effects of factors affecting
pressure loss and gain

• What is friction loss?

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Reduce friction by

• Maintaining hose and coupling.
• Avoiding sharp bends in hose.
• Using adapters only when necessary.
• Fully opening operating nozzles and valves.
• Using short hose line. Large hose line, and
  multiple lines.
• Reducing amount of flow by changing nozzle tips
  or flow setting.

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Elevation loss/gain

• Elevation in fire fighting operations refers to
  the position of the nozzle in relation to the
  pumping apparatus.
• Nozzle above fire pump pressure loss.
• Nozzle below fire pump pressure gain.

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Water Hammer

• When the flow of water through fire hose or pipe
  is suddenly stopped, the resulting surge is
  referred to as water hammer.
• Water hammer can often be heard as a distinct
  sharp clank, very much like a hammer striking a
  pipe. This sudden stopping results in a change in
  the direction of energy. This energy creates
  excessive pressure that can cause considerable
  damage to water mains, plumbing, fire hose,
  hydrants and fire pumps.

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Volume of water discharged determined by design
of nozzle and pressure at nozzle
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5.3 Fire stream Characteristics
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Nozzle Control

• Allows operator to start, stop, or reduce water
  flow.

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Three types of Valves

• Ball
• Slide
• Rotary

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Nozzle Operation

• Open and close nozzle to avoid water hammer.
• Ensure sufficient manpower in place to handle
  lines safety and effectively
• One fire fighter method
• Two firefighter method
• Three fire fighter method

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TEST

• 1. The standard operating pressure for solid
  stream handlines is
• A. 50 psi (350 kPa)
• B. 80 psi (560 kPa)
• C. 100 psi (665 kPa)
• D. 125 psi (875 kPa)
• 2 How should fire fighters operate a hose valve?
• A. Open quickly and close quickly
• B. Open quickly and close slowly
• C. Open slowly and close quickly
• D. Open slowly and close slowly

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• 3. One of the advantages of a solid stream nozzle
  is that
• A. It absorbs more heat than a broken stream
• B. It is less likely to disturb normal thermal
  layering
• C. It can be used for foam application
• D. It provides more heat absorption per gallon
  (litre)
• 4. Piercing nozzles, chimney nozzles, and cellar
  nozzles are all examples of
• A. Solid stream type nozzles
• B. Fog stream type nozzles
• C. Broken stream type nozzles
• D. Smoothbore nozzles

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• 5. The standard operating pressure for a master
  stream is
• A. 50 psi (350 kPa)
• B. 80 psi (560 kPa)
• C. 100 psi (665 kPa)
• D. 125 psi (875 kPa)
• 6. A straight stream is discharged from a/an
• A. Smoothbore nozzle
• B. Chimney nozzles
• C. Adjustable fog nozzle
• D. Piercing nozzle

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• 7. Pressure loss due to friction can be reduced
  by
• A. Using longer hoseline
• B. Using as many adapters as possible
• C. Using small diameter hose
• D. Keeping operating valves half open
• 8. When a nozzle is above the fire pump, there is
  a/an
• A. Pressure loss
• B. Pressure gain
• C. Pressure stabilization
• D. Water hammer

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• 9. Water expands to approximately
  times its volume when heated to boiling.
• A. 17
• B. 170
• C. 1700
• D. 17000
• 10. What fire stream and nozzle pressure should
  be used on electrical equipment?
• A. Fog pattern, 50 psi (350kPa)
• B. Solid stream, 70 psi ( 490kPa)
• C. Fog pattern, 100 psi (700 kPa)
• D. Solid stream, 100 psi (700 kPa)

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• 11. To what flow rates can handline fog nozzles
  be adjusted?
• A. 10 to 25 gpm (40-1000 L/min)
• B. 40 to 350 gpm (160 -1400 L/min)
• C. 100 to 500 gpm (400 -2000 L/min)
• D. 300 to 2500 gpm (1200-10000 L/min)
• 12. Which type of nozzle enables the fire fighter
  to control the rate of water flow?
• A. Constant loss
• B. Distributor
• C. Penetrating
• D. Set

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Answers to test

• 1. The standard operating pressure for solid
  stream handlines is
• A. 50 psi (350 kPa)
• 2 How should fire fighters operate a hose valve?
• D. Open slowly and close slowly

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• 3. One of the advantages of a solid stream nozzle
  is that
• B. It is less likely to disturb normal thermal
  layering
• 4. Piercing nozzles, chimney nozzles, and cellar
  nozzles are all examples of
• C. Broken stream type nozzles

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• 5. The standard operating presure for a master
  stream is
• B. 80 psi (560 kPa)
• 6. A straight stream is discharged from a/an
• C. Adjustable fog nozzle

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• 7. Pressure loss due to friction can be reduced
  by
• D. Keeping operating valves half open
• 8. When a nozzle is above the fire pump, there is
  a/an
• A. Pressure loss

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• 9. Water expands to approximately times its
  volume when heated to boiling.
• C. 1700
• 10. What fire stream and nozzle pressure should
  be used on electrical equipment?
• C. Fog pattern, 100 psi (700 kPa)

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• 11. To what flow rates can handline fog nozzles
  be adjusted?
• A. 10 to 25 gpm (40-1000 L/min)
• 12. Which type of nozzle enables the fire fighter
  to control the rate of water flow?
• B. Distributor