CHROMOSOME FUSION

1
CHROMOSOME FUSION?
2
WHAT IS MOST STRIKING HERE?

• Compare the Banding Patterns
• 6 longest chromosomes of humans (Hu),
• are matched with 7 chromosomes from three ape
  species.

3
WHY COLORED TIPS?

• Why are the chromosome tips colored?

4
CHROMOSOME PARTS
HeadTelomere

• All Chromosomes have telomeres at their
  ends(like shoelace aglets!)

Centromere
TailTelomere
Telomeres have a unique DNA sequence
ttagggttagggttagggttagggttagggttaggg
aatcccaatcccaatcccaatccca
atcccaatccc
5
Lets Narrow Our Focus

• 6 longest chromosomes of humans (Hu), matched
  with 7 chromosomes from chimpanzees ONLY (Ch)

6
MORE QUESTIONS

• Why are TWO shorter chimp chromosomes needed to
  match our 2 chromosome?

Could our 2 chromosome have formed by the
FUSION of TWO shorter chromosomes found in
chimpanzees today (12 and 13)?
LIKE THIS?
7
Human 2
Chimp 13
Chimp 12
8
PREDICTION
Chimp 13

• If fusion occurred, then we should see DNA
  evidence of the head-to-head telomeres together
  near middle of our 2 chromosome

Human 2
Chimp 12
Fusion Area?
9
DNA
HeadTelomere

• DNA Sequence for Telomeres
• ttagggttagggttaggg
• aatcccaatcccaatccc

Centromere
NOTICE Tandem Repeats in Telomeres ttagggttagggt
taggg aatcccaatcccaatccc Repe
ated 800-1600 timesin each Telomere
TailTelomere
10
EXPECTATIONS

• What will you look for?
• tandem repeats in fusion area
• Where will you look for them?
• middle of our chromosome 2
• How can you look for them?
• search online DNA database
• What if evidence is NOT found?
• fusion may not have happened

11
CHROMOSOME FUSION

• Read the lesson
• Do the lesson - Go online
• Discuss the results
• Explanation?

STOP HERECONTINUE ONLY AFTER DOING LESSONor if
theres no time to do the lesson
12
STOP HERE
(Results follow)
13
RESULTS
108061 agcacagacc tgggggtcac cgtaaaggtg
gagcagcatt cccctaagca cagaggttgg 108121
ggccactgcc tggctttgtg acaactcggg gcgcatcaac
ggtgaataaa atctttcccg 108181 gttgcagccg
tgaataatca aggttagaga ccagttagag cggttcagtg
cggaaaacgg 108241 gaaagaaaaa gcccctctga
atcctgggca gcgagattct cccaaagcaa ggcgaggggc
108301 tgcattgcag ggtgagggtg agggttaggg
tttgggttgg gtttggggtt ggggttgggg 108361
taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg
ggtaggggta ggggtagggt 108421 cagggtcagg
gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg
gtaagggtta 108481 agggttgggg ttggggttag
ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt
108541 tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta
accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc 108601
aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc
cttaaccctt aacccttacc 108661 ctaaccctaa
cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa
ccctaaccct 108721 accctaaccc taacacccta
aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta
108781 accctaacca taaccctaaa ccctaaccct
aaaccctaac cctaaaccct aaccctaaca 108841
ctaccctacc ctaaccccaa cccctaaccc ctaaccctaa
ccctacccct aaccccaacc 108901 ccagccccaa
cccttaccct aaccctaccc taacccttaa ccctaacccc
taaccctaac 108961 ccctaaccct aaccctaccc
caaccccaaa cccaacccta acccaaccct aacccctaac
109021 cctaacccct accctaaccc ctagccctag
ccctagccct aaccctaacc ctcgccctaa 109081
ccctcaccct aaccctcacc ctcaccctaa cccaacgtct
gtgctgagaa gaatgctgct 109141 ccgcctttaa
ggtgcccccc aggtctgtgc tgaacagaac gcagctccgc
cgtcgcagtg 109201 ccctcagccc gcccgcccgg
gtctgacctg agaagaactc tgctccgcct tcgcaatagc
109261 cccgaagtct gtgcagagga gaacgcagct
ccgccctcgc gatgctctcc ggctgtgtgc 109321
taaagagaac gcaactccgc cctcgcaaag gcggcgcgcc
ggcggaggcg cggagaggcg
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RESULTS CLARIFIED
108061 agcacagacc tgggggtcac cgtaaaggtg
gagcagcatt cccctaagca cagaggttgg 108121
ggccactgcc tggctttgtg acaactcggg gcgcatcaac
ggtgaataaa atctttcccg 108181 gttgcagccg
tgaataatca aggttagaga ccagttagag cggttcagtg
cggaaaacgg 108241 gaaagaaaaa gcccctctga
atcctgggca gcgagattct cccaaagcaa ggcgaggggc
108301 tgcattgcag ggtgagggtg agggttaggg
tttgggttgg gtttggggtt ggggttgggg 108361
taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg
ggtaggggta ggggtagggt 108421 cagggtcagg
gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg
gtaagggtta 108481 agggttgggg ttggggttag
ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt
108541 tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta
accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc 108601
aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc
cttaaccctt aacccttacc 108661 ctaaccctaa
cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa
ccctaaccct 108721 accctaaccc taacacccta
aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta
108781 accctaacca taaccctaaa ccctaaccct
aaaccctaac cctaaaccct aaccctaaca 108841
ctaccctacc ctaaccccaa cccctaaccc ctaaccctaa
ccctacccct aaccccaacc 108901 ccagccccaa
cccttaccct aaccctaccc taacccttaa ccctaacccc
taaccctaac 108961 ccctaaccct aaccctaccc
caaccccaaa cccaacccta acccaaccct aacccctaac
109021 cctaacccct accctaaccc ctagccctag
ccctagccct aaccctaacc ctcgccctaa 109081
ccctcaccct aaccctcacc ctcaccctaa cccaacgtct
gtgctgagaa gaatgctgct 109141 ccgcctttaa
ggtgcccccc aggtctgtgc tgaacagaac gcagctccgc
cgtcgcagtg 109201 ccctcagccc gcccgcccgg
gtctgacctg agaagaactc tgctccgcct tcgcaatagc
109261 cccgaagtct gtgcagagga gaacgcagct
ccgccctcgc gatgctctcc ggctgtgtgc 109321
taaagagaac gcaactccgc cctcgcaaag gcggcgcgcc
ggcggaggcg cggagaggcg
HEAD 13
HEAD 12
See where the head-to-head fusion occurred?
15
WHY THE SUDDEN CHANGE?
108361 taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt
taggggtagg ggtaggggta ggggtagggt 108421
cagggtcagg gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt
tagggttagg gtaagggtta 108481 agggttgggg
ttggggttag ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg
gggttggggt 108541 tggggttggg gttagggtta
gctaaaccta accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc
108601 aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc
aacccccacc cttaaccctt aacccttacc 108661
ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac
ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct 108721 accctaaccc
taacacccta aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc
ttaaccctta
HEAD 13
HEAD 12
Why do the TANDEM REPEATS suddenly changefrom
ttaggg to ccctaa?
Why so many slight variations in the number of
ts, as, gs, and cs in each repeat?
DO THE LESSON, and find out!
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WHY SO FEW REPEATS?
108241 gaaagaaaaa gcccctctga atcctgggca
gcgagattct cccaaagcaa ggcgaggggc 108301
tgcattgcag ggtgagggtg agggttaggg tttgggttgg
gtttggggtt ggggttgggg 108361 taggggtggg
gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg ggtaggggta
ggggtagggt 108421 cagggtcagg gtcagggtta
gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg gtaagggtta
108481 agggttgggg ttggggttag ggttaggggt
tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt 108541
tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta accctaaccc
ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc 108601 aaccctaccc
ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc cttaaccctt
aacccttacc 108661 ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct
aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct
108721 accctaaccc taacacccta aaaccgtgac
cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta 108781
accctaacca taaccctaaa ccctaaccct aaaccctaac
cctaaaccct aaccctaaca 108841 ctaccctacc
ctaaccccaa cccctaaccc ctaaccctaa ccctacccct
aaccccaacc 108901 ccagccccaa cccttaccct
aaccctaccc taacccttaa ccctaacccc taaccctaac
108961 ccctaaccct aaccctaccc caaccccaaa
cccaacccta acccaaccct aacccctaac 109021
cctaacccct accctaaccc ctagccctag ccctagccct
aaccctaacc ctcgccctaa 109081 ccctcaccct
aaccctcacc ctcaccctaa cccaacgtct gtgctgagaa
gaatgctgct 109141 ccgcctttaa ggtgcccccc
aggtctgtgc tgaacagaac gcagctccgc cgtcgcagtg
HEAD 13
HEAD 12
Count the TANDEM REPEATS in both telomere
segments.
(only about 37 ttaggg repeats in Head 13 about
88 ccctaa repeats in Head 12)
Should be 800 to 1600 repeats, soWhy so many
FEWER than typically found in telomeres?
DO THE LESSON and find out!
17
Further ConfirmationComparison of DNA in Our
Chrom. 2 with...
18
Another Confirmation Comparison of DNA in Our
Chrom. 3 with...
19
Re-Check Banding Patterns
Compare other chromosomes online Human with
Chimp, Dog
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MULTIPLE EVIDENCE

• Compare hominoid chromosomes
• Compare hominoid skulls
• Study pattern of hominid chronology
• Compare primate hemoglobins

What do ALL of these patterns suggest?
DO THE LABS!