PMTs for km3 neutrino dectector

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PMTs for km3 neutrino dectector

• Christophe Fontaine, Pascal Lavoute
• Photonis, Brive, France
• November 2005

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PHOTONIS

• 2 acquisitions in 2005 DEP and BURLE 5
  production sites over 1000 employees total
  turn-over above 130 millions euros

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PHOTONIS

• Photomultipliers from Photonis and Burle
• Image intensifiers

• Streak tubes
• Microchannel plates from Photonis and Burle
• Single-channel electron multipliers from Photonis
  and Burle
• Neutron detectors

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Multichannel tubes

• Photonis-DEP HPD
• (37, 61, 71, up to 1024)
• Photonis Burle
• Planacon 4 , 16, 64
• Photonis 64 and 96

• Photonis-DEP HPD
• (37, 61, 71, up to 1024)

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PMTs

• Nuclear medicine (70)
• gamma cameras
• PET scanners
• Analytics/industrial (20)
• Physics (10)

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H.E.S.S. in Namibia(very-low after-pulse PMT)
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Veritas in Arizona
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Auger in Argentina
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Traditional PMTs

• Hemispherical
• 5, 8, 9, 10
• 10.6, 12, 15

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PHOTONIS large tubes range

• Two types of traditionnal tubes available (
  standard electron multiplier )
• 9 tube equiped with a first foil dynode (
  XP1805 AUGER tube ).
• 5, 8, 10 and 12 equiped with a
• linear focused dynode
• (10.6 developped for ANTARES experiment )

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Advantages / disavantages of each solution

• Multiplier with a first dynode foil
• Good collection uniformity
• Good Photocathode D1 isochronism
• Very low level of after pulses
• Poor P/V ( avg 1.4 max at 1.8 ) --

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Advantages / disavantages of each solution

• Multiplier with a first dynode linear focused
  
• Good P/V typ 2.3 with a min spec at 2
• Good collection uniformity
• Good isochronism
• high After pulses rate --

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After pulses rate / tubes size

• Tubes equiped with a linear focused first dynode

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After pulses rate / electron multiplier type

• XP1804, XP1806 Linear focused first dynode (
  8 10 )
• XP1802, XP1805 Foil first dynode ( 9)

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RD program

• Tubes equiped with a foil first dynode
• the main drawback is the poor P/V
• The idea is to introduce a new type of sub layer
  on the D1 in order to improve the gain of the
  first dynode gt GOOD P/V.
• A second approach is to replace the foil by
  a micro venitian blind with high gain
  sub-layer. First prototypes in a 8 bottle would
  be available first quarter of 2006. An extension
  up to 15 is possible with this multiplier.

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RD program

• Tubes equiped with a linear focused first dynode
  
• The main drawback is after pulses
• One idea is to work on the Photocathode first
  dynode geometry PK gt1st dynode transparent for
  electron 1rst dynode gt PK non transparent for
  ion .
• Photocathode activation process compromise
  between QE / After pulses.
• New multiplier as a combination of First linear
  focused foil or BG for the rest of the
  multiplier.

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RD program HYBRID TUBES

• crystal ball tube
• Possible renaissance of the PHILIPS SMART tube.
• Work in Progress at PHOTONIS BRIVE to use YSO
  crystal in a 8 /10bulb.
• The main drawback of the PHILIPS SMART tube was
  the poor yield linked to leakage current due to
  high voltage values (gt 25 KV).
• This is probably the key point to get at the end
  a decent price for this type of device.
• The prototype phase to work on that point has
  already started.

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PHILIPS SMART TUBE DESIGN
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RD program HYBRID TUBES

• Tube equiped with a solid state sensor
• There are some questions with this approach. One
  major concern is the compatibility between the Si
  device and the alkalies used during the
  Photocathode process.
• One can imagine two types of approach
• TRANSFER TECHNIC in this case the compatibility
  is solved but one has to face the price problem (
  Photonis is working on that point in a
  collaboration )
• IN SITU process ( standard PMTs process ) in
  this case one has to prove the compatibilty.
  PHOTONIS BRIVE will work on that point using the
  DEP experience for handling the Si device.
• 2006 RD programm.

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Pixelised tube ????

• PHOTONIS is the leader to produce large volume of
  QUAD tube for PET machines.
• Possibility to use this type of multiplier ( foil
  as a first dynode ) to develop a tube equiped
  with 4 sectors to make some directionnality
  detection ?
• Only paper work is planed up to now on this item.

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Small tubes in a big envelopp

• The idea is to replace ONE BIG TUBE by several
  smaller ones in a big envelope.
• The advantage is a better QE achievable on
  smaller tube. The good standard could be 3
  or even 3.5. These sizes are the one used for
  the regular SPECT market and the cost for this
  type of tubes is optimized.
• PHOTONIS developped a 3 tube which is a good
  compromise between TIMING / QE and COST for
  this type of application
• ( linked to TOF PET using LYSO crystal ).

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• Thanks for your attention