Sewer System in Japan

1
Sewer System in Japan

• Dr. ICHIKAWA, Arata
• Professor
• Graduate School of Recycling and Environmental
  engineering
• Fukuoka University

2
Self Introduction

• 1937, burn in Tokyo
• 1961 Graduate from Civil Eng., The university of
  Tokyo
• 1963 Master Degree form The University of Tokyo
• (Civil Engineering)
• 1964 Assistant, Dept. of Urban Eng., UT
• 1965 Lecturer, Dept. of Urban Eng., UT
• 1968 Associate Professor, Dept. of Urban Eng., UT
• 1997 Retire from UT, by the time limitation
• Professor of Environmental Eng., Kyoto
  University
• 2000 Retire from KT, by the time limitation
• 2001 Professor of Fukuoka University

3
Self Introduction (2 Majoring study field)

• Integrated Water Resources and Quality Planning
• Field The Tama River in Tokyo
• The Lake Biwa, in Kyoto
• Methodology HydroInformatics
• Gathering information and their integrated
  analysis
• Characteristics on watershed cross sections,
  slope of a river
• Water budget runoff data, water usage, effluent
• Water quality, mainly organic matters,
  eutriphication
• Human activities population, industrial
  activities, housing, including historical views
• Water Technologies Purification, sewerage
  treatment, etc
• Integration
• Now, this methodology is the most popular, after
  the progress of computer science.

4
Seminar for the integrated understandings on
recycling and environmental engineering

• Students of our department come from various
  fields, not only civil engineer, chemical
  engineer, mechanical engineer, but another
  faculties such as economics, science and
  agriculture.
• As the introductory education, we organize the
  seminar for the integrated understandings for 100
  day.
• To visit about 15 fields. Recycling and water
  facilities.
• Preparatory lectures, preparatory survey by
  students, study tour, completion of a report,
  presentation, comments from faculty members and
  final reports after each study tour, every week.
• This visit is one of these activities

5
4 years research activities

• Construction waste management
• 2002-04 by 2 master students tackled with this
  topics
• 2003-present Mr.Matsuda, succeeded their
  research and developed it to the total system.
• Joukasou, private treatment facility of sanitary
  sewarage
• 2003-present denitrification system
• Transportation of hazardous wastes of PCB
• 2003-05 by working student at the transportation
  company
• Recycling of shredder dust
• 2002-04 awarded a poster prize from Japan
  Society of wastes

6
4 years research activities (2)

• Rainfall-runoff model
• 2002-present Mr.Yamashitas theme for forest
  region
• 2004-present Mr.Tateishi, for urban area
• Local currency
• 2002-present by the alumina of Faculty of
  Economics

7
Sewer System in Japan

• The oldest Sewer system is Taikou Sewer, built in
  16 th century, in Osaka, a part of which is still
  active.
• Modern SS are in Yokohama (residential Area for
  foreigners) and in Tokyo (the most active area)
  in the middle of 19th century.
• Those are the combined sewer System
• Treatment facilities Mikawashima, Tokyo, in 1922
• Followed by Osaka, Nagoya.
• In Local Cities there were no SS, except Gifu and
  Toyohashi
• The basic principle How to enlarge the served
  population
• Combined Sewer System has been introduced.
• At the age of the rapid economic growth, the
  public water courses were much polluted, then the
  Government changed his mind to Separate Sewer
  System.

8
Sewer System in Japan (2)

• Pollution Control at the rapid economic growth
• Effluent standard, to keep the environmental
  standard
• The construction of Sewer System, less than 10
  of served population to 67 in 2004. But it
  takes a long time and huge money.
• After that, the construction of SS is one of the
  main political issues in Japan
• 1.5 increment of the population per year
• Now about \3 bil per year in 2004
• Main target is pollution control, it means rain
  water is out of the target.

9
Night soil treatment

• In Japan, night soil is determined as one of the
  solid wastes, which managed by the Min. of Public
  welfares,
• At the first stage, conduits were managed by Min.
  of Construction, Treatment facilities by Min. of
  PW.
• The government decided to unify the management
  of SS by Min. of Construction. But Joukasou,
  private night soil treatment facilities are still
  controlled by MPW.
• At the beginning of 1990s about 450 thousand
  units were sold.
• Now, the diffusion of in the middle and small
  cities is the keen issue, by zoning of sewer
  system.

10
Our prides on the Technologies in Sewer system

• The proposal of the equivalent roughness in a
  small catchment, by Dr. T.Sueishi, the pioneer of
  the distributed Model, in 1957.
• Reaeration coefficient, numerically solved by the
  energy consumption in the flowing water, by
  Dr.T.Murakami, 1967.
• De-nitrification Process for the Night soil
  treatment facility, by Dr. Y.Matuo and Ebara
  Infilco Group
• First facility was built in Matsue, front of the
  lake Nakanoumi, 1968. And now this concept has
  been applied to many sewerage treatment
  facilities with high and costless modifications

11
Our prides on the Technologies in Sewer system (2)

• Runoff reduction Sewer System, developed by Dr.
  S.Fujita and Tokyo Met. Gov., at the beginning of
  80s
• Separation of rain water at the inlet of Sewer
  System in the combined sewer system. The main
  concept is the storage and slow discharge,
  controversy of the old concept of SS.
• Jacking method for the construction of conduit
  system, without excavating the surface, developed
  by the construction firms from 1960s.
• Now, it develops to the less than 500mm pipes and
  more than 250m length with leading robot.
  Especially high technology at the high ground
  water table area.
• High performance of the effluent from treatment
  facility.
• About 5-7 BODmg/l, 1-2 ATU-BODmg/l

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Estimation of Runoff from a rain

• This topic is the main problem for a long times.
• Lloyd Davis summarized it into the Rational
  formula.
• Qmaxc x I x A/360, c runoff coeff. I
  rainfall intensity(mm/hr)
• A area(ha) Q runoff(cubm/s)
• Easy to handle, less parameters. So it has been
  used for more than 100 years for all over the
  world.
• Especially, in the field of Sewer design
  (determination of diameter of conduits) Rational
  formula has been applied.
• This is one of the lumped Model.
• In 1962 Road Research lab, UK, developed a new
  method
• TRRL method divided the watershed into the
  contour line of equal concentration time. This
  is the beginning of the distributed model with
  computer technology.

13
Lumped Model
Watershed
Upstream
Down stream
Only determine the peak flow and/or hydrograph at
the end of the watershed
14
?convenient with less parameters
?no other model had been developed
?simple calculation and easily understandable
Other lumped models are tank model, reservoir
function model
Howerer, now-a-day, more detailed information
were required by the stakeholders
15
Distributed Model

• United States for the water quality management
• Europe for the rehabilitation of Sewer system
• Where, how and the scale, to be improved.
• In 1978, volunteers on this problem gathered to
  exchange information on it, which developed to
  USD.
• This month 10th Conference will be held in
  Denmark.
• In 1981, on the 2nd Conf. new models were
  introduced
• SWWM(USEPA), Wallingford Procedure (now
  InfoWorks), ILLUDASA (Illinois Univ.)
• Design concept, mathematic model, idea,
  computational techniques, scales, targets speed
  for computation and so on.

16
My contributions

• Fortunately, I attended this meeting and got a
  good relationships between model giants
• Prof. Ven Yehn, Dr. R.Price, Prof. W.Huber
  (Florida Univ.)
• I had been a vice chairperson on the Joint
  Committee on Urban Storm Drainage
• Joint committee IAHR (quantity), IWPRC (Quality)
• So I introduced these concepts into Japan.
• In the field of sewer eng., many cities adapted
  these models,
• The biggest applied area is for Tokyo Metro. With
  more than 105km2.
• And more than 300 applications are reported.

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Distributed Model
Up stream
Sub Catchment
???
???
???
???
???
Lower stream
Main river channel and sub catchments, inflowed
from tributaries. We could get hydrograph at any
points on the main channel.
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Subcatchment
Main river
Determined Hydrographs for each sub catchment by
a lumped model, and calculates the water movement
by a mathematical model.
?hydrological conditions could be changed for
each sub catchment.
?hyetograph should be prepared for each sub
catchment.
?High speed calculation on Dynamic Wave model is
applied for these models.
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Sewer model

• The complicated structures of sewer system,
  joints, changes of slope, diameter, were assumed
  to be impossible to solve mathematically.
• But recent computer technology could solve these
  problems.
• Now 100 thousand nodes (manholes) could be
  treated.
• Hydraulic in Sewer Pipes is also complicated
• Open channel flow in the usual time and pressured
  flow in rainy conditions.
• This phenomena are solved by the introduction of
  Preissman Slot.
• Computational technology differential equation,
  an itteration methods are introduced.
• MOUSE (Denmark), XP-SWWM (USA), InfoWorks (UK)

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Preissman Slot
21
Japanese Improvements on these Model

• Flood (Inundation) control
• Design of networks, enforcement of the sewer
  system, real time control, risk management by
  announcement of the occurrence of inundation to
  habitants.
• Improvement of Combined sewer system
• The reduction of CSO (Combined Sewer Outflow)
  volumes, loadings, the number of times.
• Improvement of model by Japanese engineers
• Practical uses of Sewer Asset inventories
• Application of GIS to inundation forecasting
• Surface flow on the roads, double pipe lines
• Gathering the checking data for the
  identification of parameters.

22
Future problems to be solved

• Integration of analysis on sewer and river
  system.
• Sewer system as a sub catchment, river is main
  channel.
• There are many differences between both sites
• Design criteria no flooding for river
  engineering
• Design rainfall 50mm/hr for sewer system,
  200years of RP
• Runoff coefficients for a rational formula
• Pursuit of surface runoff after inundation.
• For a hazard map to the habitants.
• Real time control
• Pumping system, detention tanks,
• Observation data for the identification of
  parameters.

23
Mr. Yamashita is challenging for these problems,
Appling this model for the forest zone.
forest
Purification works
Urban area
???
Paddy field
Estuary
Wetland
Sewerage treatment facility
Closed zone
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• Thank you for your attention.

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