Review

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Lesson 3????????? ?????????? ?
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Review

• We know so far
• Types of words
• How to recognize a noun
• Masculine and feminine nouns
• Singular, dual and plural nouns
• Different types of plurals
• Started talking about pronouns nouns

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Outline

• We will cover today (By His will)
• Continue the discussion of pronouns nouns
• Types of verbs
• Introduce the concept of balance (?????)

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Pronouns nouns

• Speaker ( ? ?? ??)
• Addressee (??? ??? ???? ??? ??)
• We will learn now the pronouns for absent

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Singular absent pronoun

• Pronoun for Absent singular masculine is adding
  (???) at the end of the word
• Example
• ????? ???????????
• Pronoun for Absent singular feminine is adding
  (????) at the end of the word.
• Example
• ???? ?????????

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Dual Absent Pronoun

• You just need to add (???) at the end of the word
• Example
• ??? ??????????

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Plural Absent Pronoun

• If Absent Masculine Plural then add (????) to the
  end of the word
• ??? ?????????
• If Absent Feminine Plural the add (?????) to the
  end of the word
• ??? ??????????

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(No Transcript)
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Exercise (1) on PronounsChapter 66, verses 4,5,6
???? ???????

• Extract a word that
• Has an absent masculine singular pronoun
• Has an absent feminine singular pronoun
• Has an absent masculine plural
• Has an addressee masculine plural pronoun
• Has an addressee dual pronoun
• Has an Addressee feminine plural pronoun

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VERBS
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Types of verbs????????? ??????? ?

• In Arabic there are three tenses for the verb
• ????????? ???????? (Past)
• Describes some action that happened in the past
• ???????? ???????????? (Present)
• Describes some action that is happening
• ?????? ?????? ? (Instruction)
• Instructing someone to do an action

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Examples

• ? ?????? - ??? ?????? ?? ?????? (go)
• ?????? ???????? ??????? (drink)
• ?????? ???????? ??????? (hit)
• ?????? ???????? ? - ??????? (read)

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Root

• The Past tense is the most important form of all
  forms.
• Most of Arabic words has some mapping to the past
  tense. That is why we call the past tense the
  root of the word.
• The root past tense can have either 3 or 4
  letters only. Past tense with 3 letter is very
  common compared to four letters. Our focus for
  some time will be on past tenses of 3 letters.
• Before studying the details of the past tense, we
  will introduce the concept of Balance.

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The Balance

• This is a very important and useful concept.
• All of the science (????????) is built on it
• It will help us generate a series of words out of
  a single root.
• Every derivation from the root will have an
  impact on the
• Structure of the word
• Meaning of the word

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Main Concept

• Every Arabic noun or verb can be reduced to a
  three letters word that has the same shape as the
  verb ???????
• (Note Some Arabic words can be reduced to a 4
  letters verb rather than three. However, we are
  not interested in such words at the current
  time).
• Every letter of the word would be mapped to one
  of the letters of ??????? and the movements
  should be maintained
• This is better explained by an example

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Example of simple balance

• If we say that the word ?????? has the balance of
  ???????? then it means
• Letter mapping
• Movement mapping
• ? ? ? ? ? ?
• ?? ?? ??

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Example (2)

• Find the balance of the word ??????
• Step one Reduce the word to the root. Since the
  word has only three letters, then it is a root
  (or very close)
• Step two Map the letters to ???
• ? ? ?
• ? ? ?
• Step three Map the movements
• ?? ?? ??
• ?? ?? ??
• Therefore, we say that the word ?????? has the
  balance ???????

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Example (3) Converting to a new balance

• Convert the word (??????) to the balance
  (????????)
• Step 1 Find the root of the word. Since it is
  three letters, then it is a root.
• Step 2 Find the balance. From example 1, we know
  it is ???????
• Step 3 Take the balance (???????) and compare it
  to the new balance (????????) we notice
• There is an (?) between the letter (?) and (?)
• The movement of (?) and (?) is changed

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Example (3) - continued

• Step 4 Apply the same changes to the word (???)
• ?? ?? ?? ---- ?? ? ?? ??
• ?? ?? ?? --- ?? ? ?? ??
• We say that the balance (????) of the word (???)
  is (????)

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Exercise (2)

• The verb ???????? means to forgive
• Given that it is a root and has the balance
  ??????? , generate the following derivations
  based on the given balances
• ????????
• ??????????
• ??????????????
• ?????????
• ???????????

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Exercise (3)